Soviet Union. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Russian: Сою́з Сове́тских Социалисти́ческих Респу́блик, tr. Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik) abbreviated to USSR (Russian: СССР, tr. SSSR) or the Soviet Union (Russian: Сове́тский Сою́з, tr. Sovetskij Soyuz), was a socialist state on the Eurasian continent that existed between 1922 and 1991, governed as a single-party state by the Communist Party with Moscow as its capital.[3] A union of multiple subnational Soviet republics, its government and economy were highly centralized. A de-Stalinization period followed Stalin's death, reducing the harshest aspects of society.
The Soviet Union then went on to initiate significant technological achievements of the 20th century, including launching the first ever satellite and world's first human spaceflight, which led it into the Space Race. The 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis marked a period of extreme tension between the two superpowers, considered the closest to a mutual nuclear confrontation.
GUAM (alliance) Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre. Cet article concerne l'organisation régionale. Pour l'île, voir Guam. Un timbre ukrainien consacré au sommet du GUAM en 2006. Histoire[modifier | modifier le code] En 1996, la Géorgie, l'Ukraine et l'Azerbaïdjan s'unissent pour former ce qui deviendra le GUAM[1]. L'idée de former un cadre informel pour tenir les consultations quadrilatérales a été articulé en 1997 à Strasbourg. En 1999, après le retrait du Traité de sécurité collective de l'Azerbaïdjan, de la Géorgie et de l'Ouzbékistan, ce dernier, désillusionné du rapprochement avec la Russie, décide de rejoindre le groupe GUAM, qui prend le nom de GUUAM (en anglais, Ouzbékistan s'écrit Uzbekistan). Le départ de l'Ouzbékistan a permis à GUAM composé désormais de quatre États une place singulière dans le voisinage partagé par l'Union européenne et la Russie : l'avenir de deux régions est concerné, l'Europe orientale et le Caucase du sud post-soviétiques.
Le Conseille Secrétariat. The Economic Collapse of the Soviet Union. In the 1970's and 1980's the Soviet Union seemed to be one of the most stable political units in the world. In international politics the Soviet Union was very strong and seemed only to be getting stronger. It was, for example, securing political client states in Africa. The Western powers believed this image was valid. But in the Soviet Union few things were really what they seemed to be. In 1974 there was a power summit meeting near Vladivostok, U.S.S.R. between President Gerald Ford of the U.S. and Leonid Breznev of the Soviet Union.
There were many economic problems for the Soviet Stalinist system. They pretent to pay us and we pretend to work. The Russian economist, Grigory Yavlinsky, who ultimately became an important advisor to Mikhail Gorbachev, became convinced to the need for reform when he investigated the low productivity in the Soviet mines. The Soviet system is not working because the workers are not working. But there were more immediate causes for the collapse. Economic Reform in the 1990s. Russia Table of Contents Two fundamental and interdependent goals--macroeconomic stabilization and economic restructuring--mark the transition from central planning to a market-based economy. The former entails implementing fiscal and monetary policies that promote economic growth in an environment of stable prices and exchange rates.
The latter requires establishing the commercial, legal, and institutional entities--banks, private property, and commercial legal codes--that permit the economy to operate efficiently. Opening domestic markets to foreign trade and investment, thus linking the economy with the rest of the world, is an important aid in reaching these goals. The Yeltsin Economic Program In October 1991, two months before the official collapse of the Soviet regime and two months after the August 1991 coup against the Gorbachev regime, Yeltsin and his advisers, including reform economist Yegor Gaydar, established a program of radical economic reforms. Inflation Exchange Rates. Commonwealth of Independent States. The Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS; Russian: Содружество Независимых Государств, СНГ, tr. Sodruzhestvo Nezavisimykh Gosudarstv, SNG) (also called the Russian Commonwealth)[6] is a regional organisation whose participating countries are former Soviet Republics, formed during the breakup of the Soviet Union.
The CIS is a loose association of states. Although the CIS has few supranational powers, it is aimed at being more than a purely symbolic organisation, nominally possessing coordinating powers in the realm of trade, finance, lawmaking, and security. It has also promoted cooperation on cross-border crime prevention. History[edit] Between 2003 and 2005, three CIS member states experienced a change of government in a series of colour revolutions: Eduard Shevardnadze was overthrown in Georgia; Viktor Yushchenko was elected in Ukraine; and Askar Akayev was toppled in Kyrgyzstan.
Membership[edit] There are nine full member states of the Commonwealth of Independent States. 1994[edit] Communauté des États indépendants. Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre. Pour les articles homonymes, voir CEI. La Communauté des États indépendants (CEI) (russe : Содружество Независимых Государств (СНГ), prononcé Sadroujestvo Nezavissimykh Gassoudarstv ; la CEI est également parfois appelée Confédération des États indépendants) est une entité intergouvernementale composée de 10 des 15 anciennes républiques soviétiques.
Conformément à ses instruments constitutifs, les accords de Minsk et d’Alma-Ata, la CEI est dépourvue de personnalité juridique internationale. Pour cette raison, la communauté des anciennes républiques soviétiques n’est pas une organisation internationale au sens strict. La CEI comprend également, dans son cadre, l’Organisation du traité de sécurité collective (OTSC) et la Communauté économique eurasiatique (Eurasec)[N 3]. États participant aux activités de la CEI[modifier | modifier le code] États membres États associés États observateurs Anciens États membres de la CEI. Perestroika. Perestroika (Russian: перестро́йка, IPA: [pʲɪrʲɪˈstrojkə] ( ))[1] was a political movement for reformation within the Communist Party of the Soviet Union during the 1980s (1986), widely associated with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev and his glasnost (meaning "openness") policy reform.
The literal meaning of perestroika is "restructuring", referring to the restructuring of the Soviet political and economic system. Perestroika is often argued to be the cause of the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the revolutions of 1989 in Eastern Europe, and the end of the Cold War.[2] Summary[edit] Political reforms[edit] Gorbachev increasingly found himself caught between criticism by conservatives who wanted to stop reform and liberals who wanted to accelerate it. Despite some setbacks, he continued his policy of demokratizatsiya, and he enjoyed his worldwide perception as the reformer. Meaningful changes also occurred in governmental structures. Economic reforms[edit] Perestroika postage stamp, 1988.
Glasnost. Glasnost (Russian: гла́сность, IPA: [ˈɡlasnəsʲtʲ] ( The word was frequently used by Gorbachev to specify the policies he believed might help reduce the corruption at the top of the Communist Party and the Soviet government and moderate the abuse of administrative power in the Central Committee. Russian human rights activist and dissident Lyudmila Alexeyeva explained "glasnost" as a word that "had been in the Russian language for centuries. It was in the dictionaries and lawbooks as long as there had been dictionaries and lawbooks. It was an ordinary, hardworking, nondescript word that was used to refer to a process, any process of justice of governance, being conducted in the open. "[3] Glasnost can also refer to the specific period in the history of the USSR during the 1980s when there was less censorship and greater freedom of information. Areas of concern[edit] Effects[edit] Greater transparency[edit] Relaxation of censorship resulted in the Communist Party losing its grip on the media.
Union des républiques socialistes soviétiques. Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre. Union des républiques socialistes soviétiques Союз Советских Социалистических Республик (ru) Devise : Пролетарии всех стран, соединяйтесь! (« Prolétaires de tous les pays, unissez-vous ! ») Hymne : L'Internationale (1922-1944)Hymne de l'Union soviétique (1944-1991) Localisation de l'URSS après la Seconde Guerre mondiale L’Union des républiques socialistes soviétiques[2] (URSS), ou Union soviétique (en russe : Союз Советских Социалистических Республик, abrégé en : СССР écouter ; transcription : Soïouz Sovietskikh Sotsialistitcheskikh Respoublik, SSSR ; littéralement « Union des républiques socialistes des conseils »), est un État fédéral, formé de 15 Républiques socialistes soviétiques, qui a existé du jusqu'à sa dissolution le .
Le territoire de l'URSS varia donc dans le temps, surtout avant et à l'issue de la Seconde Guerre mondiale. L'URSS était parfois, dans le langage courant, désignée des noms de Russie, ou de Russie soviétique.