Commerce clause | Wex Legal Dictionary / Encyclopedia. The Commerce Clause refers to Article 1, Section 8, Clause 3 of the U.S. Constitution, which gives Congress the power “to regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states, and with the Indian tribes.” The Constitution enumerates certain powers for the federal government; the Tenth Amendment provides that any powers that are not enumerated in the Constitution are reserved for the states. Congress has often used the Commerce Clause to justify exercising legislative power over the activities of states and their citizens, leading to significant and ongoing controversy regarding the balance of power between the federal government and the states.
The Commerce Clause has historically been viewed as both a grant of congressional authority and as a restriction on states’ powers to regulate. The Commerce Clause has been used to justify the use of federal laws in matters that do not on their face implicate interstate trade or exchange. See constitutional clauses. Category:Racism in the United States. Category:Minorities. This category is for issues of concern to minorities, it is not intended to list minority ethnic groups since most ethnic groups can be considered to be minorities in one context or another. For a complete listing of ethnic groups organized by religion, nationality, country of origin, and other criteria, see Category:Ethnic groups. Subcategories This category has the following 6 subcategories, out of 6 total.
Pages in category "Minorities" The following 16 pages are in this category, out of 16 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more). Category:African–Native American relations. Committee Reports - 107th Congress (2001-2002) - Senate Report 107-147. Senate Report 107-147 - THE LOCAL LAW ENFORCEMENT Although America experienced a significant drop in violent crime during the 1990's, the number of reported hate crimes has grown by almost 90 percent over the past decade. From 1991 2000, according to FBI statistics, there were over 73,000 reported hate crimes in the United States. 1 [Footnote] That equals an average of 20 hate crimes per day for 10 years straight. [Footnote 1: Reported hate crimes incidents by year: 1991 (4,558); 1992 (6,623); 1993 (7,587); 1994 (5,932); 1995 (7,947); 1996 (8,759); 1997 (8,049); 1998 (7,755); 1999 (7,876); 2000 (8,063).]
Recent hate-motivated killings in Virginia, Texas, Wyoming, California, Illinois, and Indiana have demonstrated the destructive and devastating impact the crimes have on individual victims and entire communities. The hate crimes bill amends title 18 of the United States Code and creates a new section 249 to address the jurisdictional limitations under existing law. Category:Social history of the United States. Interstate Commerce Act of 1887. The Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 is a United States federal law that was designed to regulate the railroad industry, particularly its monopolistic practices.[1] The Act required that railroad rates be "reasonable and just," but did not empower the government to fix specific rates.
It also required that railroads publicize shipping rates and prohibited short haul or long haul fare discrimination, a form of price discrimination against smaller markets, particularly farmers. The Act created a federal regulatory agency, the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC), which it charged with monitoring railroads to ensure that they complied with the new regulations.
The Act was the first federal law to regulate private industry in the United States.[2] It was later amended to regulate other modes of transportation and commerce. Background of the act[edit] Railroads often charged a higher price per mile for short hauls than for long hauls. Jurisdiction of the act[edit] Amendments[edit] See also[edit] Racial Integrity Act of 1924. The Racial Integrity Act required that a racial description of every person be recorded at birth and divided society into only two classifications: white and colored (essentially all other, which included numerous American Indians). It defined race by the "one-drop rule", defining as "colored" persons with any African or Native American ancestry. It also expanded the scope of Virginia's ban on interracial marriage (anti-miscegenation law) by criminalizing all marriages between white persons and non-white persons. In 1967 the law was overturned by the United States Supreme Court in its ruling on Loving v.
Virginia. The Sterilization Act provided for compulsory sterilization of persons deemed to be "feebleminded," including the "insane, idiotic, imbecile, or epileptic These two laws were Virginia's implementation of Harry Laughlin's "Model Eugenical Sterilization Law",[3] published two years earlier in 1922. Together these laws implemented the practice of "scientific eugenics" in Virginia.
Nationality Act of 1940. The Nationality Act of 1940 (H.R. 9980; Pub.L. 76-853; 54 Stat. 1137) revised numerous provisions of law relating to American citizenship and naturalization. It was enacted by the 76th Congress of the United States and signed into law on October 14, 1940, a year after World War II had begun in Europe, but before the U.S. entered the war. The law revised "the existing nationality laws of the U.S. into a more complete nationality code"; it defined those persons who were "eligible for citizenship through birth or naturalization" and clarified "the status of individuals and their children born or residing in the continental U.S., its territories such as Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, the Philippines, Panama and the Canal Zone, or abroad.
"[1] The law furthermore defined who was not eligible for citizenship, and how citizenship could be lost or terminated. Major provisions[edit] The law amended some provisions of the Immigration Act of 1924. Contents[edit] See also[edit] Economic Opportunity Act of 1964. United States Public Law 88-452, the Economic Opportunity Act of 1964, authorized the formation of local Community Action Agencies as part of the War on Poverty. These agencies are directly regulated by the federal government.[1] "It is the purpose of The Economic Opportunity Act to strengthen, supplement, and coordinate efforts in furtherance of that policy.[2] Purpose[edit] Eliminate povertyExpand educational opportunitiesIncrease the safety net for the poor and unemployedTend to health and financial needs of the elderly[3] War on Poverty[edit] The War on Poverty was declared by President Lyndon B.
Johnson in his State of the Union Address on January 8, 1964: "This administration today here and now declares unconditional war on poverty in America. "Poverty is a national problem, requiring improved national organization and support. "For the war against poverty will not be won here in Washington. "Very often, a lack of jobs and money is not the cause of poverty, but the symptom. W. 1. 2. Voting Rights Act of 1965. The Act establishes extensive federal oversight over elections. Echoing the language of the Fifteenth Amendment, Section 2 of the Act prohibits any state or local government from imposing any "voting qualification or prerequisite to voting, or standard, practice, or procedure ... in a manner which results in a denial or abridgement of the right to vote on account of" race or language minority status.[11] Additionally, the Act specifically outlaws literacy tests and similar devices that were historically used to disfranchise minorities.
The Act also contains "special provisions" that apply only to certain jurisdictions, such as a requirement that jurisdictions containing significant language minority populations provide bilingual ballots and other election materials. A core special provision is Section 5, which prohibits jurisdictions from implementing any change affecting voting without first obtaining approval from the U.S. Attorney General or a three-judge panel of the U.S. Fair housing (United States) In the United States, the fair housing (also open housing) policies date largely from the 1960s. Originally, the terms fair housing and open housing came from a political movement of the time to outlaw discrimination in the rental or purchase of homes and a broad range of other housing-related transactions, such as advertising, mortgage lending, homeowner's insurance and zoning. Later, the same language was used in laws.
In April 1968, at the urging of President Lyndon B. Johnson, Congress passed the federal Fair Housing Act (codified at 42 U.S.C. 3601-3619, penalties for violation at 42 U.S.C. 3631), Title VIII of the Civil Rights Act of 1968, only one week after the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. The primary purpose of the Fair Housing Law of 1968 is to protect the buyer/renter of a dwelling from seller/landlord discrimination.
In the years following World War II, African Americans found themselves confronted with increasing patterns of housing segregation. Category:United States federal civil rights legislation.