background preloader

FILO

Facebook Twitter

Secular Web. You must acknowledge that you have read the following disclaimer in order to view documents in the Historical Library. The Historical Library contains writings written before 1970, only. For material written during or after 1970, please refer to the Modern Documents section of the Secular Web Library. This Historical Library is provided for those doing research into the history of nontheism. It is not intended to be--and should not be used as--a source of modern, up-to-date information regarding atheistic issues. All of the Historical Library authors are dead--and in many cases have been so for several decades.

To acknowlege that you have read and understand the Historical Library Disclaimer and that you will not contact us about any Historical Document in our Library, enter the word "yes" in the box and click . NOTE: A cookie will be set that will expire when you close your browser. Voltaire's Philosophical Dictionary - searchable at dailyTangents.com. The Works of Voltaire, Vol. III (Philosophical Dictionary Part 1. The letter A has been accounted sacred in almost every nation, because it was the first letter. The Egyptians added this to their numberless superstitions; hence it was that the Greeks of Alexandria called it hier’alpha; and, as omega was the last of the letters, these words alpha and omega signified the beginning and the end of all things.

This was the origin of the cabalistic art, and of more than one mysterious folly. The letters served as ciphers, and to express musical notes. Judge what an infinity of useful knowledge must thus have been produced. Why has not the alphabet a name in any European language? How can it have happened that terms are still wanting to express the portal of all the sciences? The alphabet is the first part of grammar; perhaps those who are acquainted with Arabic, of which I have not the slightest notion, can inform me whether that language, which is said to contain no fewer than eighty words to express a horse, has one which signifies the alphabet.

St. St. The Ism Book: A Field Guide to Philosophy. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Philosophical Dictionary. Professor Lao Sze-kwang, Lexicon of Confucianism. Glossary of First-Order Logic" Glossary of First-Order LogicPeter Suber, Philosophy Department, Earlham College This glossary is limited to basic set theory, basic recursive function theory, two branches of logic (truth-functional propositional logic and first-order predicate logic) and their metatheory. I welcome comments and suggestions. ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ These links will work only when the corresponding section of the file has loaded. You may have to wait a moment. OEC - Glossary. Dictionary of Philosophy of Mind. Guide to Philosophy on the Internet (Suber), Dictionaries.

Encéphi. Philosophia.cl. The Encyclopedia of Diderot & d'Alembert Collaborative Translation Project. Voltaire's Philosophical Dictionary. Mythology, folklore, and religion. Please enter the award-winning internet encyclopedia of mythology, folklore, and religion. Here you will find everything from A-gskw to Zveda Vechanyaya, with plenty in between. The mythology section is divided to six geographical regions: Africa, Americas, Asia, Europe, Middle East, and Oceania. Each region has many clearly defined subdivisions that will ease your search. The Folklore section contains general folklore, Arthurian legends, and fascinating folktales from many lands. In addition, we feature special interest areas to enhance and refine your research. To bring our entities to life, we have created an image gallery, where you will find hundreds of images of all kinds of deities, heroes, and strange creatures of every description.

The encyclopedia will serve the serious researcher, the student, and the casual reader with equal success. Enciclopedias y diccionarios en el Proyecto Filosofía en español. Las Enciclopedias, los Diccionarios enciclopédicos, los Diccionarios y otras obras asimilables a estos géneros, ofrecen información positiva sobre los asuntos que tratan (con más o menos errores o inexactitudes) pero además representan también una fotografía fija de la posición que mantuvo el autor del artículo, aceptada en esos años por el entorno ideológico en el que fue publicada. La persistencia en el tiempo que alcanzan este tipo de obras (para bien o para mal) obliga, sea cual sea el valor que se les atribuya, a tenerlas en cuenta, no sólo como testimonio histórico, sociológico o meramente literario, sino también para poder apreciar la influencia que puedan haber tenido.

Ofrecemos una información general de cada obra considerada, la exacta y fiel versión de los artículos que interesan desde nuestra perspectiva y, en su caso, enlaces a los comentarios críticos que se han elaborado y publicado. Algunas páginas utilizan la fuente griego. © filosofia.org. Analytic philosophy. Analytic philosophy (sometimes analytical philosophy) is a style of philosophy that came to dominate English-speaking countries in the 20th century.

In the United Kingdom, United States, Canada, Scandinavia, Australia, and New Zealand, the vast majority of university philosophy departments identify themselves as "analytic" departments.[1] The term "analytic philosophy" can refer to: A broad philosophical tradition[2][3] characterized by an emphasis on clarity and argument (often achieved via modern formal logic and analysis of language) and a respect for the natural sciences.[4][5][6]The more specific set of developments of early 20th-century philosophy that were the historical antecedents of the broad sense: e.g., the work of Bertrand Russell, Ludwig Wittgenstein, G. E. Moore, Gottlob Frege, and logical positivists. The logical positivist principle that there are no specifically philosophical truths and that the object of philosophy is the logical clarification of thoughts.

History[edit] Philosophy since the Enlightenment, by Roger Jones. Kant: Knowledge. Kant: Experience and Reality Analogies of Experience So Kant maintained that we are justified in applying the concepts of the understanding to the world as we know it by making a priori determinations of the nature of any possible experience. In order to see how this works in greater detail, let's concentrate on the concepts of relation, which govern how we understand the world in time. As applied in the Analogies of Experience, each concept of relation establishes one of the preconditions of experience under one of the modes of time: duration, succession, and simultaneity. 1.

Substance: The experience of any change requires not only the perception of the altered qualities that constitute the change but also the concept of an underlying substance which persists through this alteration. 2. 3. Notice again that these features of nature are not generalized from anything we have already experienced; they are regulative principles that we impose in advance on everything we can experience. Leibniz’s Metaphysics  The German rationalist philosopher, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716), is one of the great renaissance men of Western thought. He has made significant contributions in several fields spanning the intellectual landscape, including mathematics, physics, logic, ethics, and theology. Unlike many of his contemporaries of the modern period, Leibniz does not have a canonical work that stands as his single, comprehensive piece of philosophy.

Instead, in order to understand Leibniz’s entire philosophical system, one must piece it together from his various essays, books, and correspondences. As a result, there are several ways to explicate Leibniz’s philosophy. This article begins with his theory of truth, according to which the nature of truth consists in the connection or inclusion of a predicate in a subject. Table of Contents 1. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz was born in Leipzig, Germany, on July 1, 1646. Leibniz was one of the great polymaths of the modern world. 2. 3. 4. 5. Nietzsche, Friedrich  Nietzsche was a German philosopher, essayist, and cultural critic. His writings on truth, morality, language, aesthetics, cultural theory, history, nihilism, power, consciousness, and the meaning of existence have exerted an enormous influence on Western philosophy and intellectual history.

Nietzsche spoke of "the death of God," and foresaw the dissolution of traditional religion and metaphysics. Some interpreters of Nietzsche believe he embraced nihilism, rejected philosophical reasoning, and promoted a literary exploration of the human condition, while not being concerned with gaining truth and knowledge in the traditional sense of those terms. However, other interpreters of Nietzsche say that in attempting to counteract the predicted rise of nihilism, he was engaged in a positive program to reaffirm life, and so he called for a radical, naturalistic rethinking of the nature of human existence, knowledge, and morality.

Table of Contents 1. 2. (i.) before 1869—the juvenilia (iv.) 3. 4. Kant's View of the Mind and Consciousness of Self. First published Mon Jul 26, 2004; substantive revision Tue Jan 22, 2013 Even though Kant himself held that his view of the mind and consciousness were inessential to his main purpose, some of his ideas came to have an enormous influence on his successors.

Ideas central to his view are now central to cognitive science. Other ideas equally central to his point of view had almost no influence on subsequent work, however. In this article, first we survey Kant's model as a whole and the claims that have been influential. Then we examine his claims about consciousness of self specifically. Many of his ideas about the consciousness of self and related issues have not been influential. Indeed, even though he achieved remarkable insights into consciousness of self, they next appeared only 200 years later, in the 1960s and 1970s. 1. In this article, we will focus on Immanuel Kant's (1724–1804) work on the mind and consciousness of self and related issues. 2. 2.1 Transcendental Aesthetic 3. Why we should teach philosophy to kids. Philosophy: The Classics. Presocratic Philosophy. The Origins of Western Thought Philosophical Thinking Philosophy as a discipline isn't easy to define precisely.

Issuing from a sense of wonderment about life and the world, it often involves a keen interest in major questions about ourselves, our experience, and our place in the universe as a whole. But philosophy is also reflectively concerned with the methods its practitioners employ in the effort to resolve such questions. Emerging as a central feature of Western culture, philosophy is a tradition of thinking and writing about particular issues in special ways. Thus, philosophy must be regarded both as content and as activity: It considers alternative views of what is real and the development of reasons for accepting them. It requires both a careful, sympathetic reading of classical texts and a critical, logical examination of the arguments they express.

Greek Philosophy Milesian Speculation Thales's student Anaximander, however, found this answer far too simple. Pythagorean Life. - Anthropological Theories - Department of Anthropology - The University of Alabama. Everything Is Connected: Philosophy--Deep Ecology, Ecofeminism, Pantheism, Taoism, Agnosticism. Why is philosophy important? It is the primary underpinning of the behavior of individuals and societies, because what you believe determines how you act.

You may not have thought much about philosophy, but you still have one. You may be just so used to it that it has become invisible to you. However, it is very important to be aware of what your beliefs are, and how they compare with those of others. If you aren't, you can be manipulated by cults and other groups/individuals that want to use you.

Learning philosophy helps you live. Environmental Philosophy Everything Is Connected: Philosophy: Environmental Philosophy: Deep Ecology Deep Ecology Rather than envisioning human beings as the pinnacle of creation, Deep Ecology recognizes us as just one of many creatures on planet earth who all have the right to exist, and who need each other. Envirolink: Deep Ecology ( Everything Is Connected: Philosophy: Environmental Philosophy: Ecofeminism Daniel Quinn War! Belief in Belief. Followup to: Making Beliefs Pay Rent (in Anticipated Experiences) Carl Sagan once told a parable of a man who comes to us and claims: "There is a dragon in my garage. " Fascinating! We reply that we wish to see this dragon—let us set out at once for the garage!

"But wait," the claimant says to us, "it is an invisible dragon. " Now as Sagan points out, this doesn't make the hypothesis unfalsifiable. But now suppose that we say to the claimant, "Okay, we'll visit the garage and see if we can hear heavy breathing," and the claimant quickly says no, it's an inaudible dragon. Carl Sagan used this parable to illustrate the classic moral that poor hypotheses need to do fast footwork to avoid falsification.

Some philosophers have been much confused by such scenarios, asking, "Does the claimant really believe there's a dragon present, or not? " The rationalist virtue of empiricism is supposed to prevent us from this class of mistake. There's different kinds of belief in belief. Quantum Consciousness . Stuart Hameroff. Overview: Could Life And Consciousness Be Related To The Fundamental Quantum Nature Of The Universe? Consciousness defines our existence and reality.

But how does the brain generate thoughts and feelings? Most explanations portray the brain as a computer, with nerve cells ("neurons") and their synaptic connections acting as simple switches, or "bits" which interact in complex ways. In this view consciousness is said to "emerge" as a novel property of complex interactions among neurons, as hurricanes and candle flames emerge from complex interactions among gas and dust molecules.

However this approach fails to explain why we have feelings and awareness, an "inner life". So we don't know how the brain produces consciousness. We also don't know if our conscious perceptions accurately portray the external world, or if we all have similar pictures of what lies outside our conscious minds. Reality seems to be described by two sets of laws. The Orch OR model. Common Sense Science | Spinning Ring. The problem of evil, as described circa 300 B.C. In about 300 B.C., Epicurus eloquently summed up the problem of the existence of evil. It has come to be known as the Riddle of Epicurus or the Epicurean paradox. It was translated by David Hume in the Dialogues concerning Natural Religion: If God is willing to prevent evil, but is not able to Then He is not omnipotent.If He is able, but not willing Then He is malevolent.If He is both able and willing Then whence cometh evil? If He is neither able nor willing Then why call Him God?

Tags: Epicurus, problem of evil Category: Good and Evil, Quotes About the Author (Author Profile) Erich Vieth is an attorney focusing on consumer law litigation and appellate practice. Marxists Internet Archive. EMVI: Biblioteca Virtual y Enciclopedia de las Ciencias Sociales, Económicas y Jurídicas. Internet Archive Library, Complete Index of Writers. Marx/Engels on Historical Materialism. Hegel's Philosophy of History. University Inc. - corporate corruption of Research & Higher Education. Philosophy Timeline. Guide to Philosophy on the Internet (Suber) Information Philosopher - Introduction. Philosophy Now | a magazine of ideas. Philosophy Research Base. The Mental and the Physical.

Hume and Kant. (the cry) ------ existentialism. Philosophicallexicon.com. Philosophy Bro. Dictionary of the History of Ideas :: :: University of Virginia Library. Idealist philosophy:What is Real ?