Ganglion Cell Physiology – Webvision. Ralph Nelson 1. Overview. Ganglion cells are the final output neurons of the vertebrate retina. Ganglion cells collect information about the visual world from bipolar cells and amacrine cells (retinal interneurons). Ganglion cells are also the most complex information processing systems in the vertebrate retina. Ganglion cell axons terminate in brain visual centers, principally the lateral geniculate nucleus and the superior colliculus. 2. In 1967 Ragnar Granit and H. Fig. 2. Fig. 1.Haldan Keffer Hartline, 1967 Nobel Laureate. 3. Hartline’s electrical recordings of single optic nerve fiber responses revealed ‘discharges of impulses’, or ‘action potentials’ in response to light stimulation.
‘ON’ type fibers responded with a transient burst to light onset, and a sustained elevated discharge rate throughout the photic stimulation (Fig. 3). ‘ON’ and ‘OFF’ type signal detection remains as the most significant subdivision among visual features extracted by ganglion cells. 4. Fig. 5. 5. Fig. 7. Your Sense of Sight. As of July 1, 2013 ThinkQuest has been discontinued. We would like to thank everyone for being a part of the ThinkQuest global community: Students - For your limitless creativity and innovation, which inspires us all.
Teachers - For your passion in guiding students on their quest. Partners - For your unwavering support and evangelism. Parents - For supporting the use of technology not only as an instrument of learning, but as a means of creating knowledge. We encourage everyone to continue to “Think, Create and Collaborate,” unleashing the power of technology to teach, share, and inspire. Best wishes, The Oracle Education Foundation. The Retina of the Human Eye. Though the eye receives data from a field of about 200 degrees, the acuity over most of that range is poor. To form high resolution images, the light must fall on the fovea, and that limits the acute vision angle to about 15 degrees. In low light, this fovea constitutes a second blind spot since it is exclusively cones which have low light sensitivity.
At night, to get most acute vision one must shift the vision slightly to one side, say 4 to 12 degrees so that the light falls on some rods. A "dimple on the retina" provides our highest resolution vision. "Just about at the center of the retina is a small depression from 2.5 to 3 mm in diameter known as the yellow spot, or macula. There is a tiny rod-free region about 0.3mm in diameter at its center, the fovea centralis. Nineteen Eighty-Four. History and title[edit] A 1947 draft manuscript of the first page of Nineteen Eighty-Four, showing the editorial development. The Last Man in Europe was an early title for the novel but in a letter dated 22 October 1948 to his publisher Fredric Warburg, eight months before publication, Orwell wrote about hesitating between The Last Man in Europe and Nineteen Eighty-Four.[14] Warburg suggested changing the main title to a more commercial one.[15] Copyright status[edit] The novel will be in the public domain in the European Union and Russia in 2021 and in the United States in 2044.[21] It is already in the public domain in Canada;[22] South Africa,[23] Argentina[24] Australia,[25] and Oman.[26] Background[edit] The banner of the Party in the 1984 film adaptation of the book (I) the upper-class Inner Party, the elite ruling minority, who make up 2% of the population.
As the government, the Party controls the population with four ministries: Plot[edit] Characters[edit] Principal characters[edit] The Matrix. The Matrix was first released in the United States on March 31, 1999, and grossed over $460 million worldwide. It was generally well-received by critics,[9] and won four Academy Awards as well as other accolades including BAFTA Awards and Saturn Awards. Reviewers praised The Matrix for its innovative visual effects, cinematography and its entertainment. The film's premise was both criticized for being derivative of earlier science fiction works, and praised for being intriguing.
The action also polarized critics, some describing it as impressive, but others dismissing it as a trite distraction from an interesting premise. Plot Morpheus explains that in the 21st century, humans waged a war against intelligent machines they had created. Some time later, Neo makes a telephone call in the Matrix, promising the Machines he will show their prisoners "a world where anything is possible". Cast Production Development Producer Joel Silver soon joined the project. Pre-production Production design. Authoritarianism Articles and Information. The term authoritarianism is used to describe an organization or a state which enforces strong and sometimes oppressive measures against the population. It is distinguished from totalitarianism both by degree and scope, authoritarian administration or governance being less intrusive and in the case of organizations not necessarily backed by the use of force.
For example, the Roman Catholic Church can be accurately described as authoritarian; however, in modern times it lacks the means to use force to enforce its edicts and is not a totalitarian organization. The distinction between authoritarianism and totalitarianism was a crucial part of the Kirkpatrick Doctrine, which asserted that the United States could cooperate with authoritarian nations with bad human rights records because they were more capable of fundamental reform and less dangerous than totalitarian nations.
Economic arguments for authoritarianism Counter-arguments See also: statism, totalitarianism.