Alamut/Bibliothek/1964_smart_2335_1.pdf. Treatment of alcoholism using p... [J Psychoactive Drugs. 1998 Oct-Dec. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology - Harm potential of magic mushroom use: A review. Abstract In 2007, the Minister of Health of the Netherlands requested the CAM (Coordination point Assessment and Monitoring new drugs) to assess the overall risk of magic mushrooms. The present paper is an updated redraft of the review, written to support the assessment by CAM experts. It summarizes the literature on physical or psychological dependence, acute and chronic toxicity, risk for public health and criminal aspects related to the consumption of magic mushrooms. In the Netherlands, the prevalence of magic mushroom use was declining since 2000 (last year prevalence of 6.3% in 2000 to 2.9% in 2005), and further declined after possession and use became illegal in December 2008.
The CAM concluded that the physical and psychological dependence potential of magic mushrooms was low, that acute toxicity was moderate, chronic toxicity low and public health and criminal aspects negligible. Keywords Magic mushrooms; Illicit drugs; Risk assessment; Adverse effects; Recreational drugs. 8] - Web of Science. WEB OF Science Your ideal single research destination to explore the citation universe across subjects and around the world. Web of Science provides you access to the most reliable, integrated, multidisciplinary research connected through linked content citation metrics from multiple sources within a single interface. And since Web of Science adheres to a strict evaluation process, you can be assured only the most influential, relevant, and credible information is included - allowing you to uncover your next big idea faster. Web of Science connects the entire search and discover process through: Premier Multidisciplinary Content Emerging Trends Subject Specific Content Regional Content Research Data Analysis Tools Learn more about Web of Science Take advantage of many great features when you register.
Learn more about the benefits of registering for an account. Pharmaceutica Acta Helvetiae - Determination of psilocin and 4-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid in plasma by HPLC-ECD and pharmacokinetic profiles of oral and intravenous psilocybin in man. Abstract In order to investigate the pharmacokinetic properties of psilocybin (PY), the main psychoactive compound of Psilocybe mushrooms, high performance liquid chromatographic procedures with column-switching coupled with electrochemical detection (HPLC-ECD) for reliable quantitative determination of the PY metabolites psilocin (PI) and 4-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid (4HIAA) in human plasma were established.
Sample work-up includes protection of the highly unstable phenolic analytes with ascorbic acid, freeze-drying and in-vitro microdialysis. The data of two controlled clinical studies with healthy volunteers are presented. The subjects (N = 6 for both studies) received single oral PY doses of 0.224 ± 0.02 mg/kg b.wt. (10–20 mg) and intravenous doses of 1 mg PY, respectively. Keywords Psilocybin; Psilocin; HPLC-ECD; Pharmacokinetics. Neuropharmacology - Differential interactions of indolealkylamines with 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor subtypes. Abstract Affinities of drugs for 21 indolealkylamine derivatives, some with putative hallucinogenic activity, were determined at 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A and 5-HT2B recognition sites, using radioligand competition studies. Nearly all of the derivatives displayed greatest potency for the 5-HT2A receptor, labelled by in the cortex of the rat. Most derivatives displayed 2–10 times lower affinity at the HT2B receptor labelled by [3H]ketanserin in bovine cortex.
Derivatives lacking ring substituents displayed lower affinities for all of the recognition sites, compared to derivatives substituted in the 4- or 5-position of the indole ring. The 4-hydroxylated derivatives displayed 25-380-fold selectivity for the 5-HT2A site, vs the 5-HT1A site, while the 5-substituted derivatives displayed approximately equal potency at the 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A sites. .
Keywords indolealkylamines; radioligand binding; serotonin receptors; hallucinogens; psilocin; bufotenine. The pharmacology of psilocybin. [Addict Biol. 2002. Serotonin. Serotonin /ˌsɛrəˈtoʊnɨn/ or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) is a monoamine neurotransmitter. Biochemically derived from tryptophan, serotonin is primarily found in the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract), platelets, and the central nervous system (CNS) of animals, including humans.
It is popularly thought to be a contributor to feelings of well-being and happiness.[6] Serotonin secreted from the enterochromaffin cells eventually finds its way out of tissues into the blood. There, it is actively taken up by blood platelets, which store it. When the platelets bind to a clot, they release serotonin, where it serves as a vasoconstrictor and helps to regulate hemostasis and blood clotting. Serotonin also is a growth factor for some types of cells, which may give it a role in wound healing. In addition to animals, serotonin is found in fungi and plants.[10] Serotonin's presence in insect venoms and plant spines serves to cause pain, which is a side-effect of serotonin injection.
Functions[edit] Neuropharmacology - Differential interactions of indolealkylamines with 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor subtypes. 1 Department of Neurology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, U.S.A.2 Institute of Organic Chemistry, Syntex Research, 3401 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304, U.S.A. Accepted 9 August 1989, Available online 25 November 2002 Choose an option to locate/access this article: Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution Check access Get rights and content Abstract Affinities of drugs for 21 indolealkylamine derivatives, some with putative hallucinogenic activity, were determined at 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A and 5-HT2B recognition sites, using radioligand competition studies. In the cortex of the rat. . Keywords indolealkylamines; radioligand binding; serotonin receptors; hallucinogens; psilocin; bufotenine.
UK | Magic mushrooms ban becomes law. A law banning magic mushrooms and making them a class A drug has come into force. The Drugs Act 2005 ends the situation in which fresh magic mushrooms were legal but those which were dried or prepared for use were not. Sellers have condemned the move, saying mushrooms are not harmful and accusing ministers of a knee-jerk reaction. But the Home Office said the drug was harmful to some users and added the move clarified the existing law. Home Office Minister Paul Goggins said in a statement: "Magic mushrooms are a powerful hallucinogen and can cause real harm, especially to vulnerable people and those with mental health problems. Psychedelic qualities "The law has not been clear with regard to the status of fresh magic mushrooms and some have tried to exploit this apparent loophole. " Magic mushrooms, more properly known as psilocybe, contain the psychedelic chemicals psilocybin and psilocin. 'Patronising' 'Seven years' jail'
Dr. Leary's Concord Prison Experiment: A 34 Year Follow-Up Study. Dr. Leary's Concord Prison Experiment: A 34 Year Follow-Up Study pp. 10-18 Rick Doblin Reflections on the Concord Prison Experiment and the Follow-Up Study pp. 19-20 Ralph Metzner, Ph.D. Editor's Note: This study, originally published in the Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, Oct-Dec 1998 issue is one in a series of long-term follow-ups to early psychedelic research that MAPS has sponsored.
View these articles as HTML format. Psilocybin, Senate Race Highlight Harvard Year. President Pusey announced on May 27 that the Corporation had terminated the appointment of Richard Alpert as assistant professor of Clinical Psychology and of Education for giving halluginogenic drugs to an undergraduate in violation of an agreement with the University. The dismissal, the first in Pusey's ten years at Harvard, climaxed more than a year of off-and-on controversey over the work of Alpert and an associate, Timothy Leary, Lecturer on Clinical Psychology, with psilocybin. (Leary was relieved of his teaching duties by the Corporation, and his salary suspended, for absenting himself from the University without permission.) Psilocybin had first become an issue in March, 1962, when members of the Center for Research in Personality charged, at a closed meeting, that drug experiments were being conducted in an un-scientific and irresponsible manner.
The issue revived on November 26, when Dean Monro and Dr. Dana L. Seeking the Magic Mushroom. Background[edit] Huautla de Jiménez Wasson first became interested in mycology during his honeymoon in the Catskill Mountains in 1927.[7] His new wife, Valentina Pavlovna Wasson, a native of Moscow, Russia, was identifying and collecting mushrooms in the forest, having been brought up with an appreciation for the species. Wasson was disgusted. "Like all good Anglo-Saxons, I knew nothing about the fungal world and felt that the less I knew about those putrid, treacherous excrescences the better. "[8] The incident sparked Wasson's interest in mushrooms, leading to subsequent contributions to the field of ethnomycology.
Notes[edit] References[edit] Allen, John W. 2002. Further reading[edit] Ac.els-cdn.com/S0379073898001686/1-s2.0-S0379073898001686-main.pdf?_tid=a0042cb8-1c3a-11e2-8808-00000aab0f26&acdnat=1350905069_790652dd3591657f9ac6a4c578ba799e. Forensic Science International - Detection of psilocin in body fluids. Www.maps.org/research/psilo/psilo_ib.pdf. Psilocin. Psilocin (also known as 4-OH-DMT, psilocine, psilocyn, or psilotsin), is a substituted tryptamine alkaloid and a serotonergic psychedelic substance. It is present in most psychedelic mushrooms together with its phosphorylated counterpart psilocybin. Psilocin is a Schedule I drug under the Convention on Psychotropic Substances.[2] The mind-altering effects of psilocin are highly variable and subjective and resemble those of LSD and DMT. Chemistry[edit] Psilocin and its phosphorylated cousin, psilocybin, were first isolated and named in 1958 by Swiss chemist Albert Hofmann. Hofmann obtained the chemicals from laboratory-grown specimens of the entheogenic mushroom Psilocybe mexicana.
Hofmann also succeeded in finding the synthetic routes to these chemicals.[3] Psilocin is relatively unstable in solution due to its phenolic hydroxy (-OH) group. Structural analogs[edit] Pharmacology[edit] Psilocin's half-life ranges from 1 to 3 hours.[1] See psilocybin for more details Dried psilocybin mushrooms. V. 19 1959-62 - Botanical Museum leaflets, Harvard University. Psilocybin mushroom. Psilocybin mushrooms, also known as psychedelic mushrooms, are mushrooms that contain the psychedelic drugs psilocybin and psilocin. Common colloquial terms include magic mushrooms and shrooms.[1] Biological genera containing psilocybin mushrooms include Copelandia, Galerina, Gymnopilus, Inocybe, Mycena, Panaeolus, Pholiotina, Pluteus, and Psilocybe.
About 40 species are found in the genus Psilocybe. Psilocybe cubensis is the most common psilocybin mushroom in subtropical areas and the black market. Psilocybin mushrooms have likely been used since prehistoric times and may have been depicted in rock art. Many cultures have used these mushrooms in religious rites. In modern Western society, they are used recreationally for their psychedelic effects. History[edit] Early[edit] Archaeological evidence indicates the use of psilocybin-containing mushrooms in ancient times.
Modern[edit] Occurrence[edit] Psilocybin is present in varying concentrations in over 200 species of Basidiomycota mushrooms.