Reducing the risk of sexual HIV transmission:... [Sex Transm Dis. 2002. Reducing the risk of sexual HIV transmission:... [Sex Transm Dis. 2002. Transmission Risk - HIV and the Law - Policies and Programs - HIV/AIDS. The risk of getting HIV varies widely depending on the type of exposure. Some exposures, such as exposure to HIV during a blood transfusion, carry a much higher risk of transmission than other exposures, such as oral sex. For some exposures, risk of transmission, while biologically plausible, is so low that it is not possible to provide a precise number. Different factors can increase or decrease transmission risk. For example, taking antiretroviral therapy (i.e., medicines for HIV infection) can reduce the risk of an HIV-infected person transmitting the infection to another by as much as 96%1, and consistent use of condoms reduces the risk of getting or transmitting HIV by about 80%2.
Using both condoms and antiretroviral therapy reduces the risk of HIV acquisition from sexual exposure by 99.2%3. Conversely, having a sexually transmitted infection or a high level of HIV virus in the blood (which happens in early and late-stage infection) may increase transmission risk. References. Antiretroviral Postexposure Prophylaxis After Sexual, Injection-Drug Use, or Other Nonoccupational Exposure to HIV in the United States </P><P>Recommendations from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Recommendations from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Prepared by Dawn K. Smith, MD1 Lisa A. Grohskopf, MD1 Roberta J. Black, PhD2 Judith D. 1Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia 2National Institutes of Health 3Food and Drug Administration, Washington, D.C. 4Health Resources and Services Administration The material presented in this report originated in the Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention, Janet L.
Corresponding Author: Lisa A. Summary The most effective means of preventing human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is preventing exposure. Introduction The most effective methods for preventing human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection are those that protect against exposure to HIV. In July 1997, CDC sponsored the External Consultants Meeting on Antiretroviral Therapy for Potential Nonoccupational Exposures to HIV. Animal Studies Postnatal Prophylaxis. Microbiome of the upper troposphere: Species composition and prevalence, effects of tropical storms, and atmospheric implications. Author Affiliations Edited by W. Ford Doolittle, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada, and approved December 19, 2012 (received for review July 15, 2012) Abstract The composition and prevalence of microorganisms in the middle-to-upper troposphere (8–15 km altitude) and their role in aerosol-cloud-precipitation interactions represent important, unresolved questions for biological and atmospheric science.
In particular, airborne microorganisms above the oceans remain essentially uncharacterized, as most work to date is restricted to samples taken near the Earth’s surface. Footnotes Author contributions: A.N. and K.T.K. designed research; N.D. Masculine Overcompensation - Science Updates. It’s often said that men act especially macho when they feel their manhood is threatened. But is it really true? Transcript Macho defense mechanisms. I’m Bob Hirshon and this is Science Update. What happens when you tell a man he’s not manly, or a woman she’s not womanly? Willer: What I found was that after being given feedback that they were feminine, men expressed greater support for the Iraq War, more homophobic attitudes towards gays, and were more interested in purchasing an SUV, than were the men who were given feedback indicating they were masculine. Willer says the women he studied didn’t have the opposite reaction, suggesting that their femininity wasn’t as easily threatened. Making Sense of the Research This is a good example of the value of skepticism in science.
So rather than take it for granted that men overcompensate, as a TV writer might do, Willer examines it scientifically. His challenge comes with the results. The result? Now try and answer these questions: I am a heterosexual male in a loving relationship with a homosexual male, AMA : gaybros. Having Older Brothers Increases a Man's Odds of Being Gay. The number of biological older brothers a boy's mother has carried--whether they live with him in the same household or not--affects his chances of being gay. The findings, reported this week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, by Anthony Bogaert of Brock University, lend credence to the theory that it's not the social or rearing factors that influence a man's sexual orientation, but rather prenatal mechanisms that begin in the womb. The idea that prenatal mechanisms may influence sexual orientation has been around for a couple of decades.
In 1996, Bogaert along with colleague Ray Blanchard correlated sexual orientation in men with the number of older brothers, but it wasn't clear if that influence was occurring because the boys shared the same household or because they had shared the same womb. In the new study, Bogaert pitted prenatal against postnatal by examining four samples of homosexual and heterosexual men, for a total of 944 participants. Coca Cola-Powered Cellphone: First Nokia Green Phone | TheBlogIsMine. What will you do when your cellphone battery runs out?
Maybe, you’ll find a nearest electricity to charge it. But now you can charge your cellphone battery with a Coca Cola, and not only Coke. Usually cellphones use a lithium batteries as their energy source but not only this concept mobile phone. This one was powered by Coca-Cola, so that’s why we could call this phone as the Coca Cola-powered cellphone. This is the first cellphone who use the bio energy to replace the battery role. Chinese designer Daizhi Zheng has created a mobile phone that uses sweet drinks like Coca Cola instead of lithium batteries. Mr Zheng has been working on this revolutionary device for Nokia, and claims he has come up with a way of using sugar-based drinks to power mobiles. The bio-battery invented by Daishi Zheng generates electricity from carbohydrates, using special enzymes as catalysts. Our congratulations, an awesome work, Mr Daizi Zheng. Homophobic? Maybe You’re Gay.
In recent years, Ted Haggard, an evangelical leader who preached that homosexuality was a sin, resigned after a scandal involving a former male prostitute; Larry Craig, a United States senator who opposed including sexual orientation in hate-crime legislation, was arrested on suspicion of lewd conduct in a men’s bathroom; and Glenn Murphy Jr., a leader of the Young Republican National Convention and an opponent of same-sex marriage, pleaded guilty to a lesser charge after being accused of sexually assaulting another man.
One theory is that homosexual urges, when repressed out of shame or fear, can be expressed as homophobia. Freud famously called this process a “reaction formation” — the angry battle against the outward symbol of feelings that are inwardly being stifled. Even Mr. Haggard seemed to endorse this idea when, apologizing after his scandal for his anti-gay rhetoric, he said, “I think I was partially so vehement because of my own war.” What leads to this repression? Estimating the proportion of HIV transmissions from mai... [AIDS. 2009. The Older Brother Effect. I agree with you, Julto.
I see that compromise is a beautiful thing...it has the power to skirt war and conflict, build friendships, and general relations between any two or more human parties. I wish that both Japan and the U.S. would have compromised before the atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima. But unfortunately at the time, the bombing was our best option, as more of our American soldiers were predicted to die in the war had we waged war traditionally, and moved into Japan. It wasn't something that anyone wanted to do...but we had to. Controversial Gay-Parenting Study Is Severely Flawed, Journal's Audit Finds - Percolator.
Mark Regnerus The peer-review process failed to identify significant, disqualifying problems with a controversial and widely publicized study that seemed to raise doubts about the parenting abilities of gay couples, according to an internal audit scheduled to appear in the November issue of the journal, Social Science Research, that published the study. The highly critical audit, a draft of which was provided to The Chronicle by the journal’s editor, also cites conflicts of interest among the reviewers, and states that “scholars who should have known better failed to recuse themselves from the review process.” Since it was published last month, the study, titled “How Different Are the Adult Children of Parents Who Have Same-Sex Relationships?
,” has been the subject of numerous news articles and blog posts. It has been used by opponents of same-sex marriage to make their case, and it’s been blasted by gay-rights activists as flawed and biased. Darren E. James D. Return to Top. Fa'afafine. Fa'afafine are a third-gendered people of Samoa and the Samoan dispora. A recognized identity/role since at least the early 20th century in Samoan society, and some theorize an integral part of traditional Samoan culture, fa'afafine are (generally) born biologically male, and explicitly embody both masculine and feminine gender traits, fashioned in a way unique to this part of the world.
Their behavior typically ranges from extravagantly feminine to mundanely masculine.[1] Fa'afafine role in Samoan society[edit] Fa'afafine are known for their hard work and dedication to the family, in the Samoan tradition of tautua. Ideas of the family in Samoa and Polynesia are markedly different from Western constructions of family, and include all the members of a sa, or a communal family within the fa'amatai family systems.[3] It is a mistake to attribute a Western interpretation to fa'afafine by mislabeling them as "gay," "homosexual," or "drag queens. " Notable Fa'afafines[edit] External links[edit] How gay uncles pass down their genes - Health - Behavior. Maybe everyone could use a gay uncle. A new study found that homosexual men may be predisposed to nurture their nieces and nephews as a way of helping to ensure their own genes get passed down to the next generation.
Research has confirmed that male homosexuality is at least partly hereditary – it tends to cluster in families, and identical twin brothers of gay men are more likely to be gay than fraternal twin brothers, who do not share identical DNA. But scientists have been puzzled about how these genes are perpetuated, since homosexual males are less likely to reproduce than straight males. Basically, why haven't gay people gone extinct? One idea is called the "kin selection hypothesis. " Perhaps gay men are biologically predisposed to help raise the offspring of their siblings and other relatives.
"Maybe what's happening is they're helping their kin reproduce more by just being altruistic towards kin," said evolutionary psychologist Paul Vasey of the University of Lethbridge in Canada. The Science of ‘Gaydar’ New study finds gay and bisexual men have varied sexual repertoires. Public release date: 18-Oct-2011 [ Print | E-mail Share ] [ Close Window ] Contact: Tracy Jamestraljame@iu.edu 812-855-0084Indiana University BLOOMINGTON, Ind. -- A new study by researchers at Indiana University and George Mason University found the sexual repertoire of gay men surprisingly diverse, suggesting that a broader, less disease-focused perspective might be warranted by public health and medical practitioners in addressing the sexual health of gay and bisexual men.
The study, published online ahead of print in the Journal of Sexual Medicine, tapped the largest sample of its kind in the United States to examine the sexual behaviors of gay and bisexual men. In collaboration with the OLB Research Institute at Online Buddies, Inc., researchers were able to include feedback from nearly 25,000 men. While gay study participants reported 1,308 unique combinations of behaviors, the most commonly reported behavior was kissing a partner on the mouth. Lead author Joshua G. . [ Print | E-mail.