Information retrieval. Information retrieval is the activity of obtaining information resources relevant to an information need from a collection of information resources. Searches can be based on metadata or on full-text (or other content-based) indexing. Automated information retrieval systems are used to reduce what has been called "information overload". Many universities and public libraries use IR systems to provide access to books, journals and other documents.
Web search engines are the most visible IR applications. Overview[edit] An information retrieval process begins when a user enters a query into the system. An object is an entity that is represented by information in a database. Most IR systems compute a numeric score on how well each object in the database matches the query, and rank the objects according to this value.
History[edit] Model types[edit] For effectively retrieving relevant documents by IR strategies, the documents are typically transformed into a suitable representation. Recall[edit] Commercial Product. Law. "Legal concept" redirects here. Lady Justice, a symbol of justice. She is depicted as a goddess equipped with three items: a sword, symbolising the coercive power of a court; scales, representing an objective standard by which competing claims are weighed; and a blindfold indicating that justice should be impartial and meted out objectively, without fear or favor and regardless of money, wealth, power or identity.[1] Law is a term which does not have a universally accepted definition,[2] but one definition is that law is a system of rules and guidelines which are enforced through social institutions to govern behaviour.[3] Laws can be made by legislatures through legislation (resulting in statutes), the executive through decrees and regulations, or judges through binding precedents (normally in common law jurisdictions).
Private individuals can create legally binding contracts, including (in some jurisdictions) arbitration agreements that exclude the normal court process. Westlaw. Health Care. Health care (or healthcare) is the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease, illness, injury, and other physical and mental impairments in humans. Health care is delivered by practitioners in allied health, dentistry, midwifery-obstetrics , medicine, nursing, optometry, pharmacy and other care providers. It refers to the work done in providing primary care, secondary care, and tertiary care, as well as in public health. Access to health care varies across countries, groups, and individuals, largely influenced by social and economic conditions as well as the health policies in place.
Countries and jurisdictions have different policies and plans in relation to the personal and population-based health care goals within their societies. Health care can contribute to a significant part of a country's economy. Health care is conventionally regarded as an important determinant in promoting the general physical and mental health and well-being of people around the world. Go Pubmed. Open Source. API. In computer programming, an application programming interface (API) specifies how some software components should interact with each other.
Detailed explanation[edit] API in procedural languages[edit] In most procedural languages, an API specifies a set of functions or routines that accomplish a specific task or are allowed to interact with a specific software component. This specification is presented in a human readable format in paper books, or in electronic formats like ebooks or as man pages. For example, the math API on Unix systems is a specification on how to use the mathematical functions included in the math library. Among these functions there is a function, named sqrt(), that can be used to compute the square root of a given number. The Unix command man 3 sqrt presents the signature of the function sqrt in the form: SYNOPSIS #include <math.h> double sqrt(double X); float sqrtf(float X); DESCRIPTION sqrt computes the positive square root of the argument. ...
Web APIs[edit] Apache Lucene! Evaluation. Evaluation is often used to characterize to Only on, Rated, Created by, Exclusively on, Only from, Only at, Get it at, Designed for, Written by, Directed by, Produced by, Here on, Headquartered in, Located in, Do not, Available for, Available at and Has been. Definition[edit] Evaluation is the structured interpretation and giving of meaning to predicted or actual impacts of proposals or results.
It looks at original objectives, and at what is either predicted or what was accomplished and how it was accomplished. So evaluation can be formative, that is taking place during the development of a concept or proposal, project or organization, with the intention of improving the value or effectiveness of the proposal, project, or organisation. A systematic, rigorous, and meticulous application of scientific methods to assess the design, implementation, improvement, or outcomes of a program.
Purpose[edit] Discussion[edit] Standards[edit] Approaches[edit] Classification of approaches[edit] Cross Language Evaluation Forum. Text REtrieval Conference (TREC) Home Page. Production system. A production system (or production rule system) is a computer program typically used to provide some form of artificial intelligence, which consists primarily of a set of rules about behavior. These rules, termed productions, are a basic representation found useful in automated planning, expert systems and action selection.
A production system provides the mechanism necessary to execute productions in order to achieve some goal for the system. Basic operation[edit] Rule interpreters generally execute a forward chaining algorithm for selecting productions to execute to meet current goals, which can include updating the system's data or beliefs. The condition portion of each rule (left-hand side or LHS) is tested against the current state of the working memory. Real-time and expert systems, in contrast, often have to choose between mutually exclusive productions --- since actions take time, only one action can be taken, or (in the case of an expert system) recommended.
Related systems[edit] Jess, the Rule Engine for the Java Platform. Knowledge representation and reasoning. Knowledge representation and reasoning (KR) is the field of artificial intelligence (AI) devoted to representing information about the world in a form that a computer system can utilize to solve complex tasks such as diagnosing a medical condition or having a dialog in a natural language.
Knowledge representation incorporates findings from psychology about how humans solve problems and represent knowledge in order to design formalisms that will make complex systems easier to design and build. Knowledge representation and reasoning also incorporates findings from logic to automate various kinds of reasoning, such as the application of rules or the relations of sets and subsets. Examples of knowledge representation formalisms include semantic nets, Frames, Rules, and ontologies.
Examples of automated reasoning engines include inference engines, theorem provers, and classifiers. Overview[edit] This hypothesis was not always taken as a given by researchers. History[edit] Characteristics[edit] Ontology (information science) In computer science and information science, an ontology formally represents knowledge as a hierarchy of concepts within a domain, using a shared vocabulary to denote the types, properties and interrelationships of those concepts.[1][2] Ontologies are the structural frameworks for organizing information and are used in artificial intelligence, the Semantic Web, systems engineering, software engineering, biomedical informatics, library science, enterprise bookmarking, and information architecture as a form of knowledge representation about the world or some part of it.
The creation of domain ontologies is also fundamental to the definition and use of an enterprise architecture framework. The term ontology has its origin in philosophy and has been applied in many different ways. The word element onto- comes from the Greek ὤν, ὄντος, ("being", "that which is"), present participle of the verb εἰμί ("be").
According to Gruber (1993): Common components of ontologies include: Wiki - Semantic Web Standards. Tools - Semantic Web Standards. Overview This Wiki contains a collection of tool references that can help in developing Semantic Web applications. These include complete development environments, editors, libraries or modules for various programming languages, specialized browsers, etc. The goal is to list such tools and not Semantic Web applications in general (the interested reader may consider looking at the W3C SW Use Case Collection for those.) The tool content of this wiki is still to be maintained by the community and not by the W3C staff. Search possibilities The current Wiki contains references to 336 tools. Search through categories, i.e., reasoners, programming environments, browsers, etc. Last modified/added Tool Data in RDF There is also an option to get one RDF/XML graph for all tools.
Other resources There are other pages on tool collection out there, largely overlapping with this, but possibly with a different granularity or emphasis. Sweet Tools maintained by Michael K. History. OntoStudio. TopBraid Composer. Books - Semantic Web Standards. This page contains information on books that are strictly on the Semantic Web and Linked Data.
There are, of course, lots of other books on Knowledge Representation, Logic, XML, Databases, etc, that are all relevant for the Semantic Web, but adding these to this list would be counter productive… Keeping such list up-to-date is obviously a problem. It can be hoped that the community at large will help maintaining these pages. The order in the listings below does not reflect any assessment of the product or tool; simple year and alphanumeric order is used. (Note that some of these books are already announced, but not yet available). Please, keep to this order if you add a book to the list. Beyond the obvious sources (Amazon and other listings), the initial set in this list reused publication lists that were published elsewhere, eg, Nova Spivak’s Listmania list, or the lists maintained by Danny Ayers or Uldis Bojārs a.k.a.
Textbooks. OWL Web Ontology Language Overview. W3C Recommendation 10 February 2004 New Version Available: OWL 2 (Document Status Update, 12 November 2009) The OWL Working Group has produced a W3C Recommendation for a new version of OWL which adds features to this 2004 version, while remaining compatible. Please see OWL 2 Document Overview for an introduction to OWL 2 and a guide to the OWL 2 document set. This version: Latest version: Previous version: Editors: Deborah L.
Frank van Harmelen (Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam) Frank.van.Harmelen@cs.vu.nl Please refer to the errata for this document, which may include some normative corrections. See also translations. Copyright © 2004 W3C® (MIT, ERCIM, Keio), All Rights Reserved. Abstract The OWL Web Ontology Language is designed for use by applications that need to process the content of information instead of just presenting information to humans. 1. 2. 3.
OWL at Manchester. Snomed-CT. Snomed-CT (Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine – Clinical Terms) es la terminología clínica integral, multilingüe y codificada de mayor amplitud, precisión e importancia desarrollada en el mundo.[1] Historia[editar] Snomed CT es un producto que nace de la fusión entre Snomed RT (Snomed Reference Terminology), creada por el College of American Pathologists (CAP) y el Clinical Terms Version 3 (CTV3), desarrollada por la National Health Service (NHS) del Reino Unido. Esta fusión ha permitido la combinación de los términos en los ámbitos de las ciencias básicas, la bioquímica y las especialidades médicas de Snomed RT con los contenidos de la atención primaria del CTV3, dando lugar a una terminología de referencia que permite a los profesionales de la salud de todo el mundo representar la información clínica de forma precisa e inequívoca, en formato multilingüe.
Véase también[editar] Referencias[editar] Bibliografía[editar] Enlaces externos[editar] SNOMED-CT. SNOMED Clinical Terms - Summary | NCBO BioPortal. SNOMED CT has been created by combining SNOMED RT and a computer-based nomenclature and classification known as Read Codes Version 3, which was created on behalf of the U.K. Department of Health and is a Crown copyright. SNOMED CT Concept (SNOMED RT+CTV3) SNOMED CT January 2005 Release: 20050131 [R] SNOMED CT January 2003 Release: 20030131 [R] SNOMED Clinical Terms version: 20090731 [R] (July 2009 Release) ©2002 - 2006 College of American Pathologists. SNOMED CT July 2003 Release: 20030731 [R] © 2002-2012 International Health Terminology Standards Development Organisation (IHTSDO). SNOMED Clinical Terms version: 20100131 [R] (January 2010 Release) SNOMED Clinical Terms version: 20080131 [R] (January 2008 Release) ©2002 College of American Pathologists SNOMED Clinical Terms version: 20090131 [R] (January 2009 Release) SNOMED Clinical Terms version: 20060731 [R] (July 2006 Release) SNOMED Clinical Terms version: 20130731 [R] (July 2013 Release) SNOMED CT First Release: 20020131 [R]
NCBO BioPortal. Music. This article is about music as a form of art. For history see articles for History of music and Music history. The creation, performance, significance, and even the definition of music vary according to culture and social context. Music ranges from strictly organized compositions (and their recreation in performance), through improvisational music to aleatoric forms. Music can be divided into genres and subgenres, although the dividing lines and relationships between music genres are often subtle, sometimes open to personal interpretation, and occasionally controversial.
To many people in many cultures, music is an important part of their way of life. Etymology The word derives from Greek μουσική (mousike; "art of the Muses").[4] Music as form of art Jean-Gabriel Ferlan performing at a 2008 concert at the collège-lycée Saint-François Xavier There are often many links between amateur and professional musicians. Composition Notation Sheet music is written representation of music. Play Theory. MusicBrainz. MusicBrainz captures information about artists, their recorded works, and the relationships between them. Recorded works entries capture at a minimum the album title, track titles, and the length of each track. These entries are maintained by volunteer editors who follow community written style guidelines. Recorded works can additionally store information about the release date and country, the CD ID, cover art, acoustic fingerprint, free-form annotation text and other metadata. As of 6 February 2014[update], MusicBrainz contained information about roughly 820,000 artists, 1.2 million releases, and 13.1 million recordings.[4] End-users can use software that communicates with MusicBrainz to add metadata tags to their digital media files, such as MP3, Ogg Vorbis or AAC.
Cover Art Archive[edit] Fingerprinting[edit] Besides collecting metadata about music, MusicBrainz also allows looking up recordings by their acoustic fingerprint. Proprietary services[edit] AcoustID and Chromaprint[edit] Semantic Web.