Artificial Intelligence
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AI Ethics
Information retrieval ( IR ) is the area of study concerned with searching for documents, for information within documents, and for metadata about documents, as well as that of searching structured storage , relational databases , and the World Wide Web . There is overlap in the usage of the terms data retrieval, document retrieval , information retrieval, and text retrieval , but each also has its own body of literature, theory, praxis , and technologies. IR is interdisciplinary , based on computer science , mathematics , library science , information science , information architecture , cognitive psychology , linguistics , statistics and law . Automated information retrieval systems are used to reduce what has been called " information overload ". Many universities and public libraries use IR systems to provide access to books, journals and other documents.
Information retrieval
Lady Justice is the symbol of justice . Lady Justice is depicted as a goddess equipped with three symbols of justice: a sword symbolising the court's coercive power; scales representing an objective standard by which competing claims are weighed; and a blindfold indicating that justice is (or should be) meted out objectively, without fear or favor, regardless of identity, money, power, or weakness. [ 1 ] Law [ 2 ] is a system of rules and guidelines which are enforced through social institutions to govern behavior. [ 3 ] Laws are made by governments , specifically by their parliaments . The formation of laws themselves is influenced by a constitution and the rights encoded therein. The law shapes politics , economics and society in countless ways and serves as a social mediator of relations between people . Contract law regulates everything from buying a bus ticket to trading on derivatives markets .
Law
Westlaw
WestSearch® , the world's most advanced legal search engine, incorporates 125 years of our proprietary analysis of the law to deliver the best results faster. Maximize your research with the proven advantages of WestlawNext. Thousands of legal professionals are making the switch – because they won't find these features anywhere else. The choice is yours. Run one easy, plain language search across all core legal content or enter your search in Boolean terms and connectors.
Health care (or healthcare ) is the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease , illness , injury, and other physical and mental impairments in humans. Health care is delivered by practitioners in medicine , chiropractic , dentistry , nursing , pharmacy , allied health , and other care providers . It refers to the work done in providing primary care, secondary care and tertiary care, as well as in public health .
Health Care
Open Source
In production and development, open source is a philosophy, [ 1 ] [ not in citation given ] [ 2 ] [ not in citation given ] or pragmatic methodology [ 2 ] [ not in citation given ] that promotes free redistribution and access to an end product's design and implementation details. [ 3 ] Before the phrase open source became widely adopted, developers and producers used a variety of phrases to describe the concept; open source gained hold with the rise of the Internet , and the attendant need for massive retooling of the computing source code . [ citation needed ] Opening the source code enabled a self-enhancing diversity of production models, communication paths, and interactive communities. [ 4 ] The open-source software movement was born to describe the environment that the new copyright , licensing , domain , and consumer issues created. [ citation needed ]
An application programming interface ( API ) is a source code -based specification intended to be used as an interface by software components to communicate with each other. An API may include specifications for routines , data structures , object classes , and variables. An API specification can take many forms, including an International Standard such as POSIX or vendor documentation such as the Microsoft Windows API , or the libraries of a programming language, e.g. Standard Template Library in C++ or Java API . An API differs from an ABI (Application Binary Interface) in that the former is source code based while the latter is a binary interface.
API
Apache Lucene!
Lucene can be downloaded from http://lucene.apache.org/core/mirrors-core-latest-redir.html and Solr can be downloaded from http://lucene.apache.org/solr/mirrors-solr-latest-redir.html CheckIndex and IndexUpgrader allow you to specify the specific FSDirectory implementation to use with the new -dir-impl command-line option. FSTs can now do reverse lookup (by output) in certain cases and can be packed to reduce their size. There is now a method to retrieve top N shortest paths from a start node in an FST.Evaluation is systematic determination of merit, worth, and significance of something or someone using criteria against a set of standards. Evaluation often is used to characterize and appraise subjects of interest in a wide range of human enterprises, including the arts , criminal justice , foundations and non-profit organizations , government , health care , and other human services. [ edit ] Definition
Evaluation
Cross Language Evaluation Forum
The CLEF Initiative (Conference and Labs of the Evaluation Forum, formerly known as Cross-Language Evaluation Forum) is a self-organized body whose main mission is to promote research, innovation, and development of information access systems with an emphasis on multilingual and multimodal information with various levels of structure. CLEF promotes research and development by providing an infrastructure for: a series of Evaluation Labs, i.e. laboratories to conduct evaluation of information access systems and workshops to discuss and pilot innovative evaluation activities; Since 2000 the CLEF has played a leading role in stimulating investigation and research in a wide range of key areas in the information retrieval domain, becoming well-known in the international IR community. It has also promoted the study and implementation of appropriate evaluation methodologies for diverse types of tasks and media.
The TREC Conference series is co-sponsored by the NIST Information Technology Laboratory's (ITL) Retrieval Group of the Information Access Division (IAD) Contact us at: trec (at) nist.gov
Text REtrieval Conference (TREC) Home Page
A production system (or production rule system ) is a computer program typically used to provide some form of artificial intelligence , which consists primarily of a set of rules about behavior. These rules, termed productions , are a basic representation found useful in automated planning , expert systems and action selection . A production system provides the mechanism necessary to execute productions in order to achieve some goal for the system. Productions consist of two parts: a sensory precondition (or "IF" statement) and an action (or "THEN"). If a production's precondition matches the current state of the world, then the production is said to be triggered . If a production's action is executed , it is said to have fired .
Production system
® , the Rule Engine for the Java TM Platform Jess is a rule engine and scripting environment written entirely in Sun's Java language by Ernest Friedman-Hill at Sandia National Laboratories in Livermore, CA. Using Jess , you can build Java software that has the capacity to "reason" using knowledge you supply in the form of declarative rules. Jess is small, light, and one of the fastest rule engines available. Its powerful scripting language gives you access to all of Java's APIs. Jess includes a full-featured development environment based on the award-winning Eclipse platform.
Jess, the Rule Engine for the Java Platform
Knowledge representation and reasoning
Knowledge representation (KR) is an area of artificial intelligence research aimed at representing knowledge in symbols to facilitate inferencing from those knowledge elements, creating new elements of knowledge. The KR can be made to be independent of the underlying knowledge model or knowledge base system (KBS) such as a semantic network . [ 1 ] [ edit ] OverviewIn computer science and information science , an ontology formally represents knowledge as a set of concepts within a domain , and the relationships between those concepts. It can be used to reason about the entities within that domain and may be used to describe the domain. In theory, an ontology is a "formal, explicit specification of a shared conceptualisation". [ 1 ] An ontology renders shared vocabulary and taxonomy which models a domain with the definition of objects and/or concepts and their properties and relations. [ 2 ] Ontologies are the structural frameworks for organizing information and are used in artificial intelligence , the Semantic Web , systems engineering , software engineering , biomedical informatics , library science , enterprise bookmarking , and information architecture as a form of knowledge representation about the world or some part of it. The creation of domain ontologies is also fundamental to the definition and use of an enterprise architecture framework .