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Vit b

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Choline. Choline is a water-soluble essential nutrient.[1][2][3][4][5] It is usually grouped within the B-complex vitamins.

Choline

Choline generally refers to the various quaternary ammonium salts containing the N,N,N-trimethylethanolammonium cation. (X− on the right denotes an undefined counteranion). The cation appears in the head groups of phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin, two classes of phospholipid that are abundant in cell membranes. Choline is the precursor molecule for the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which is involved in many functions including memory and muscle control. Choline must be consumed through the diet for the body to remain healthy.[6] It is used in the synthesis of the constructional components in the body's cell membranes. History[edit] Choline was discovered by Adolph Strecker in 1864 and chemically synthesized in 1866. Folic acid · b9. Folic acid (also known as vitamin M, vitamin B9,[3] vitamin Bc[4] (or folacin), pteroyl-L-glutamic acid, and pteroyl-L-glutamate)[dubious ] is a form of the water-soluble vitamin B9.

Folic acid · b9

{{ref>Weil, Andrew. "Supplements & Herbs (Vitamin B9-- Folate)". MD. www.drweil.com. Retrieved 4/2/14. /ref>}} Folate is a naturally occurring form of the vitamin, found in food, while folic acid is synthetically produced, and used in fortified foods and supplements.[5] Folic acid is itself not biologically active, but its biological importance is due to tetrahydrofolate and other derivatives after its conversion to dihydrofolic acid in the liver.[6] Vitamin B9 (folic acid when converted to folate) is essential for numerous bodily functions. Folate and folic acid derive their names from the Latin word folium, which means "leaf".

Folinic acid · b9. Levofolinic acid Folinic acid (INN) or leucovorin /luːkoʊˈvɔːrɪn/ (USAN), generally administered as calcium or sodium folinate (or leucovorin calcium/sodium), is an adjuvant used in cancer chemotherapy involving the drug methotrexate.[1] It is also used in synergistic combination with the chemotherapy agent 5-fluorouracil.

Folinic acid · b9

Levofolinic acid and its salts are the enantiopure drugs (in this case, the levo form), and are the only molecules that are biologically active. They are configurated S at the remaining asymmetric carbon atom (see below).

b12

Biotin · b7. Biotin, also known as vitamin H or coenzyme R,[2] is a water-soluble B-vitamin (vitamin B7).

Biotin · b7

It is composed of a ureido (tetrahydroimidizalone) ring fused with a tetrahydrothiophene ring. A valeric acid substituent is attached to one of the carbon atoms of the tetrahydrothiophene ring. Biotin is a coenzyme for carboxylase enzymes, involved in the synthesis of fatty acids, isoleucine, and valine, and in gluconeogenesis. The only human health condition for which there is evidence of biotin's potential benefit as a treatment is biotin deficiency.[3] General overview[edit] Dean Burk, American biochemist who co-discovered biotin.

b6

Pantothenic acid · b5. Pantothenic acid, also called pantothenate or vitamin B5 (a B vitamin), is a water-soluble vitamin. For many animals, pantothenic acid is an essential nutrient. Animals require pantothenic acid to synthesize coenzyme-A (CoA), as well as to synthesize and metabolize proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. Pantothenic acid was discovered by Roger J.

Niacin · b3. Niacin (also known as vitamin B3 and nicotinic acid) is an organic compound with the formula C 6H 5NO 2 and, depending on the definition used, one of the 20 to 80 essential human nutrients.

Niacin · b3

Not enough niacin in the diet can cause nausea, skin and mouth lesions, anemia, headaches, and tiredness. Chronic Niacin deficiency leads to a disease called pellagra. The lack of niacin may also be observed in pandemic deficiency disease which is caused by a lack of five crucial vitamins: niacin, vitamin C, thiamin, vitamin D and vitamin A, and is usually found in areas of widespread poverty and malnutrition. Niacin has been used for over 50 years to increase levels of HDL in the blood and has been found to decrease the risk of cardiovascular events modestly in a number of controlled human trials.[3] This colorless, water-soluble solid is a derivative of pyridine, with a carboxyl group (COOH) at the 3-position. Nicotinamide · b3. Nicotinamide, also known as niacinamide and nicotinic amide, is the amide of nicotinic acid (vitamin B3 / niacin).

Nicotinamide · b3

Nicotinamide is a water-soluble vitamin and is part of the vitamin B group. Nicotinic acid, also known as niacin, is converted to nicotinamide in vivo, and, though the two are identical in their vitamin functions, nicotinamide does not have the same pharmacological and toxic effects of niacin, which occur incidental to niacin's conversion. Thus nicotinamide does not reduce cholesterol or cause flushing,[1] although nicotinamide may be toxic to the liver at doses exceeding 3 g/day for adults.[2] In cells, niacin is incorporated into nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP), although the pathways for nicotinic acid amide and nicotinic acid are very similar. Use in medicine[edit] Skin conditions[edit] Nicotinamide is also reported to be an effective skin whitener in topical application.[7][8]

Riboflavin · b2. A solution of riboflavin. Riboflavin is best known visually as the vitamin which imparts the orange color to solid B-vitamin preparations, the yellow color to vitamin supplement solutions, and the unusual fluorescent-yellow color to the urine of persons who supplement with high-dose B-complex preparations. Riboflavin can be used as a deliberate orange-red food color additive, and as such is designated in Europe as the E number E101.[3] Discovery[edit] Vitamin B was originally considered to have two components, a heat-labile vitamin B1 and a heat-stable vitamin B2.

In the 1920s, vitamin B2 was thought to be the factor necessary for preventing pellagra. Further, the researchers noted that a yellow-green fluorescence in each extract promoted rat growth, and that the intensity of fluorescence was proportional to the effect on growth. Biochemical function[edit] Mechanism of action as cofactors and flavoproteins[edit] Thiamine · b1. Thiamine or thiamin or vitamin B1 (/ˈθaɪ.əmɨn/ THY-ə-min), named as the "thio-vitamine" ("sulfur-containing vitamin") is a water-soluble vitamin of the B complex.

Thiamine · b1

First named aneurin for the detrimental neurological effects if not present in the diet, it was eventually assigned the generic descriptor name vitamin B1. Its phosphate derivatives are involved in many cellular processes. B vitamins. List of B vitamins[edit]

B vitamins