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Ion thruster - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
NASA's 2.3 kW NSTAR ion thruster during a hot fire test at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory on the Deep Space 1 spacecraft. An ion thruster is a form of electric propulsion used for spacecraft propulsion that creates thrust by accelerating ions . Ion thrusters are categorized by how they accelerate the ions, using either electrostatic or electromagnetic force.
Casimir effect - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
In quantum field theory , the Casimir effect and the Casimir–Polder force are physical forces arising from a quantized field . The typical example is of two uncharged metallic plates in a vacuum , like capacitors placed a few micrometers apart, without any external electromagnetic field .Soliton - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
In mathematics and physics , a soliton is a self-reinforcing solitary wave (a wave packet or pulse) that maintains its shape while it travels at constant speed. Solitons are caused by a cancellation of nonlinear and dispersive effects in the medium. (The term "dispersive effects" refers to a property of certain systems where the speed of the waves varies according to frequency.)
Sagnac effect - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Sagnac effect (also called Sagnac interference ), named after French physicist Georges Sagnac , is a phenomenon encountered in interferometry that is elicited by rotation . The Sagnac effect manifests itself in a setup called ring interferometry .
Basic components of Hodgkin–Huxley-type models. Hodgkin–Huxley type models represent the biophysical characteristic of cell membranes.
Hodgkin–Huxley model - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Venn diagram - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Venn diagrams or set diagrams are diagrams that show all possible logical relations between a finite collection of sets (aggregation of things). Venn diagrams were conceived around 1880 by John Venn . They are used to teach elementary set theory , as well as illustrate simple set relationships in probability , logic , statistics , linguistics and computer science (see logical connectives ).
A syllogism ( Greek : συλλογισμός – syllogismos – "conclusion," "inference") is a kind of logical argument in which one proposition (the conclusion) is inferred from two or more others (the premises ) of a certain form. In antiquity, there were two rival theories of the syllogism: Aristotelian syllogistic and Stoic syllogistic. [ 1 ] In the Prior Analytics , Aristotle defines the syllogism as "a discourse in which, certain things having been supposed, something different from the things supposed results of necessity because these things are so." (24b18–20)
Syllogism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Feed-forward is a term describing an element or pathway within a control system which passes a controlling signal from a source in the control system's external environment, often a command signal from an external operator, to a load elsewhere in its external environment. A control system which has only feed-forward behavior responds to its control signal in a pre-defined way without responding to how the load reacts; it is in contrast with a system that also has feedback , which adjusts the output to take account of how it affects the load, and how the load itself may vary unpredictably; the load is considered to belong to the external environment of the system.
Feed-forward - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
If a standard has been withdrawn and no replacement specification is listed, either the specification was withdrawn without replacement or a replacement specification could not be identified. DIN standards that begin with "DIN V" (" Vornorm ", meaning "pre-issue") are the result of standardization work, but because of certain reservations on the content or because of the divergent compared to a standard installation procedure of DIN, they are not yet published standards.
List of DIN standards - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A Boltzmann machine is a type of stochastic recurrent neural network invented by Geoffrey Hinton and Terry Sejnowski .
Boltzmann machine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Backpropagation is a common method of training artificial neural networks so as to minimize the objective function.
Backpropagation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Magnetoencephalography ( MEG ) is a technique for mapping brain activity by recording magnetic fields produced by electrical currents occurring naturally in the brain , using very sensitive magnetometers . Arrays of SQUIDs (superconducting quantum interference devices) are currently the most common magnetometer, and SERF being investigated for future machines.
Magnetoencephalography - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The study of planetary habitability is partly based upon extrapolation from knowledge of the Earth 's conditions, as the Earth is the only planet currently known to harbour life . The Gaia hypothesis , also known as Gaia theory or Gaia principle , proposes that all organisms and their inorganic surroundings on Earth are closely integrated to form a single and self-regulating complex system , maintaining the conditions for life on the planet.
Gaia hypothesis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Illustration of the Jordan curve theorem.
Jordan curve theorem - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
An open-loop controller , also called a non-feedback controller , is a type of controller that computes its input into a system using only the current state and its model of the system.