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Fractal - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Figure 1a. The Mandelbrot set illustrates self-similarity. As you zoom in on the image at finer and finer scales, the same pattern re-appears so that it is virtually impossible to know at which level you are looking.

Philosophy: General > Philosophy Map

http://www.philosophybasics.com/general_map.html

This "map" of Western Philosophy (courtesy of SparkNotes ) attempts to trace the influences and development of philosophical thought, from the Pre-Socratics through to the Modern era.

Western Philosophy - MindMeister Mind Map

Supervenience

The upper levels on this chart can be considered to supervene on the lower levels.

Fideism is an epistemological theory which maintains that faith is independent of reason , or that reason and faith are hostile to each other and faith is superior at arriving at particular truths (see natural theology ).

Fideism

Philosophy

Philosophy is the study of general and fundamental problems, such as those connected with existence , knowledge , values , reason, mind , and language. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Philosophy is distinguished from other ways of addressing such problems by its critical, generally systematic approach and its reliance on rational argument . [ 3 ] The word "philosophy" comes from the Greek φιλοσοφία ( philosophia ), which literally means "love of wisdom". [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Etymology The introduction of the terms "philosopher" and "philosophy" has been ascribed to the Greek thinker Pythagoras . [ 7 ] The ascription is said to be based on a passage in a lost work of Herakleides Pontikos, a disciple of Aristotle . It is considered to be part of the widespread body of legends of Pythagoras of this time. "Philosopher" was understood as a word which contrasted with " sophist " (from sophoi ).

Philosophy of logic

Following the developments in Formal logic with symbolic logic in the late nineteenth century and mathematical logic in the twentieth, topics traditionally treated by logic not being part of formal logic have tended to be termed either philosophy of logic or philosophical logic if no longer simply logic .

Metaphysics

Metaphysics is a branch of philosophy concerned with explaining the fundamental nature of being and the world , [ 1 ] although the term is not easily defined. [ 2 ] Traditionally, metaphysics attempts to answer two basic questions in the broadest possible terms:

Meta-ontology

Metaontology is the branch of metaphysics that deals with the nature of ontology and ontological questions.

Metacognition

Metacognition is defined as " cognition about cognition", or "knowing about knowing." [ 1 ] It can take many forms; it includes knowledge about when and how to use particular strategies for learning or for problem solving. [ 1 ] Metamemory , defined as knowing about memory and mnemonic strategies, is an especially important form of metacognition." [ 2 ] Differences in metacognitive processing across cultures have not been widely studied, but could provide better outcomes in cross-cultural learning between teachers and students. [ 3 ] Some evolutionary psychologists hypothesize that metacognition is used as a survival tool, which would make metacognition the same across cultures. [ 3 ] Writings on metacognition can be traced back at least as far as De Anima and the Parva Naturalia of the Greek philosopher Aristotle . [ 4 ]

Ontology

Parmenides was among the first to propose an ontological characterization of the fundamental nature of reality. Ontology (from onto- , from the Greek ὤν , ὄντος "being; that which is", present participle of the verb εἰμί "be", and -λογία , -logia : science , study , theory ) is the philosophical study of the nature of being , existence , or reality as such, as well as the basic categories of being and their relations. Traditionally listed as a part of the major branch of philosophy known as metaphysics , ontology deals with questions concerning what entities exist or can be said to exist, and how such entities can be grouped, related within a hierarchy , and subdivided according to similarities and differences. [ citation needed ] [ edit ] Overview Ontology, in analytic philosophy , concerns the determination whether some categories of being are fundamental and asks in what sense the items in those categories can be said to "be."

Contemporary philosophical realism is the belief that our reality , or some aspect of it, is ontologically independent of our conceptual schemes, linguistic practices, beliefs, etc. Realism may be spoken of with respect to other minds , the past , the future , universals , mathematical entities (such as natural numbers ), moral categories , the material world , or even thought . Realism can also be promoted in an unqualified sense, in which case it asserts the mind-independent existence of a visible world, as opposed to idealism , skepticism and solipsism .

Philosophical realism

Objectivity is a central philosophical concept which has been variously defined by sources. A proposition is generally considered to be objectively true when its truth conditions are met and are "mind-independent"—that is, not met by the judgment of a conscious entity or subject. [ edit ] Objectivism

Objectivity (philosophy)

Epistemology

'Pataphysics

'Pataphysics ( French : 'pataphysique ) is a philosophy or pseudophilosophy dedicated to studying what lies beyond the realm of metaphysics . The term was coined and the concept created by French writer Alfred Jarry (1873–1907), who defined 'pataphysics as "the science of imaginary solutions, which symbolically attributes the properties of objects, described by their virtuality, to their lineaments." Jarry considered Hippocrates of Chios and Sophrotatos the Armenian as the fathers of this "science".