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Great-circle distance. Through any two points on a sphere which are not directly opposite each other, there is a unique great circle.

Great-circle distance

The two points separate the great circle into two arcs. The length of the shorter arc is the great-circle distance between the points. A great circle endowed with such a distance is the Riemannian circle. Between two points which are directly opposite each other, called antipodal points, there are infinitely many great circles, but all great circle arcs between antipodal points have the same length, i.e. half the circumference of the circle, or , where r is the radius of the sphere. Convert Latitude / Longitude in Degrees/Minutes/Seconds to/from Decimal (FCC) USA.