Wikipedia Catalogue
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Homo sapien
Filozoa Humans (known taxonomically as Homo sapiens , [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Latin for "wise man" or "knowing man") [ 5 ] are the only living species in the Homo genus. Anatomically modern humans originated in Africa about 200,000 years ago, reaching full behavioral modernity around 50,000 years ago. [ 6 ]
Homo neanderthal
The Neanderthal ( / n iː ˈ æ n d ər t ɑː l / , / n iː ˈ æ n d ər θ ɔː l / or / n eɪ ˈ æ n d ər t ɑː l / ; short for Neanderthal man ), sometimes spelled Neandertal , is an extinct member of the Homo genus known from Pleistocene specimens found in Europe and parts of western and central Asia . Neanderthals are classified either as a subspecies of Homo sapiens ( Homo sapiens neanderthalensis ) or as a separate human species ( Homo neanderthalensis ). [ 1 ] Genetic evidence suggests interbreeding took place with anatomically modern humans between roughly 80,000 and 50,000 years ago in the Middle East , resulting in 1–4% of the genome of people from Eurasia having been contributed by Neanderthals. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] The first proto-Neanderthal traits appeared in Europe as early as 600,000–350,000 years ago. [ 4 ] Proto-Neanderthal traits are occasionally grouped with another phenetic 'species', Homo heidelbergensis , or a migrant form, Homo rhodesiensis .
Homo floresiensis
Homo floresiensis (" Flores Man ", nicknamed " hobbit " and "Flo") is a possible species, now extinct, in the genus Homo . The remains were discovered in 2003 on the island of Flores in Indonesia . Partial skeletons of nine individuals have been recovered, including one complete cranium (skull). [ 1 ] [ 2 ] These remains have been the subject of intense research to determine whether they represent a species distinct from modern humans, and the progress of this scientific controversy has been closely followed by the news media at large. This hominin is remarkable for its small body and brain and for its survival until relatively recent times (possibly as recently as 12,000 years ago). [ 3 ] Recovered alongside the skeletal remains were stone tools from archaeological horizons ranging from 94,000 to 13,000 years ago.
Homo heidelbergensis ("Heidelberg Man", named after the University of Heidelberg ) is an extinct species of the genus Homo which may be [ 1 ] the direct ancestor of both Homo neanderthalensis in Europe and Homo sapiens . [ 2 ] The best evidence found for these hominins date between 600,000 and 400,000 years ago. H. heidelbergensis stone tool technology was very close to that of the Acheulean tools used by Homo erectus . Reconstruction of Homo heidelbergensis Both H. antecessor and H. heidelbergensis are likely to be descended from the morphologically very similar Homo ergaster from Africa. But because H. heidelbergensis had a larger brain-case — with a typical cranial volume of 1100–1400 cm³ overlapping the 1350 cm³ average of modern humans — and had more advanced tools and behavior, it has been given a separate species classification. The species was tall, 1.8 m (6.0 ft) on average, and more muscular than modern humans.
Homo heidelbergensis
Homo ergaster
Homo ergaster is an extinct chronospecies of Homo that lived in eastern and southern Africa during the early Pleistocene , between 1.8 million and 1.3 million years ago. [ 1 ] There is still disagreement on the subject of the classification, ancestry, and progeny of H. ergaster , but it is now widely accepted to be the direct ancestor of later hominids such as Homo heidelbergensis , Homo sapiens , and Homo neanderthalensis rather than Asian Homo erectus . [ 2 ] It is one of the earliest members of the genus Homo , possibly descended from, or sharing a common ancestor with, Homo erectus . [ 3 ] The binomial name was published in 1975 by Groves and Mazák . The second part, "ergaster", is derived from the Ancient Greek ἐργαστήρ "workman", in reference to the comparatively advanced lithic technology developed by the species, introducing the Acheulean industry. [ edit ] Discovery and representative fossils The South African palaeontologist John T.
Homo erectus (meaning "upright man," from the Latin ērĭgĕre , "to put up, set upright") is an extinct species of hominid that lived from the end of the Pliocene epoch to the later Pleistocene , about 1.3 to 1.8 million years ago . The species originated in Africa and spread as far as India , China and Java . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] There is still disagreement on the subject of the classification, ancestry, and progeny of H. erectus , with two major alternative hypotheses : erectus may be another name for Homo ergaster , and therefore the direct ancestor of later hominids such as Homo heidelbergensis , Homo neanderthalensis , and Homo sapiens ; or it may be an Asian species distinct from African ergaster . [ 1 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ edit ] Origin
Homo erectus
The robust australopithecines , members of the extinct hominin genus Paranthropus (from Greek παρα, para "beside"; άνθρωπος, ánthropos "human"), were bipedal hominids that probably descended from the gracile australopithecine hominids ( Australopithecus ). [ 1 ] They are characterised by robust craniodental anatomy, including gorilla -like cranial crests , which suggest strong muscles of mastication , without the transverse cranial crest also present on modern gorillas. Paranthropus boisei reconstruction A partial cranium and mandible of Paranthropus robustus was discovered in 1938 by a schoolboy, Gert Terblanche, at Kromdraai B (70 km south west of Pretoria) in South Africa. It was described as a new genus and species by Robert Broom of the Transvaal Museum. The site has been excavated since 1993 by Francis Thackeray of the Transvaal Museum. A date of at least 1.95 million years has been obtained for Kromdraai B.
Paranthropus
Sivapithecus is a genus of extinct primates . Fossil remains of animals now assigned to this genus, dated from 12.5 million to 8.5 million years old in the Miocene , have been found since the 19th century in the Siwalik Hills in what is now India , Nepal , and Pakistan . Any one of the species in this genus may have been the ancestor to the modern orangutans . [ edit ] Description
Sivapithecus
Kenyanthropus
Kenyanthropus platyops is a 3.5 to 3.2 million year old ( Pliocene ) hominin fossil that was discovered in Lake Turkana , Kenya in 1999 by Justus Erus, who was part of Meave Leakey 's team. [ 1 ] Leakey (2001) proposes that the fossil represents an entirely new hominine genus , while others classify it as a separate species of Australopithecus , Australopithecus platyops , and yet others interpret it as an individual of Australopithecus afarensis . The fossil found features a broad flat face with a toe bone that suggests it probably walked upright. Teeth are intermediate between typical human and typical ape forms. Kenyanthropus platyops , which means " Flat-faced man of Kenya " (a name given by Meave Leakey), is the only described species in the genus.
Homo habilis ( / ˈ h oʊ m oʊ ˈ h æ b ɨ l ɪ s / , "handy-man") is a species of the genus Homo , which lived from approximately 2.33 to 1.4 million years ago, during the Gelasian Pleistocene period. [ 1 ] The discovery and description of this species is credited to both Mary and Louis Leakey , who found fossils in Tanzania , East Africa , between 1962 and 1964. [ 2 ] Homo habilis (or possibly H. rudolfensis ) was the earliest known species of the genus Homo until May 2010, when H. gautengensis was discovered, a species believed to be even older than H. habilis . [ 3 ] In its appearance and morphology , H. habilis is thus the least similar to modern humans of all species in the genus (except possibly H. rudolfensis ). H. habilis was short and had disproportionately long arms compared to modern humans; however, it had a less protruding face than the australopithecines from which it is thought to have descended.
Homo habilis
Australopithecus ( Latin australis "southern", Greek πίθηκος pithekos "ape") is a genus of hominids that is now extinct . From the evidence gathered by palaeontologists and archaeologists , it appears that the Australopithecus genus evolved in eastern Africa around 4 million years ago before spreading throughout the continent and eventually becoming extinct 2 million years ago. During this time period various forms of australopiths existed, including Australopithecus anamensis , A. afarensis , A. sediba , and A. africanus . There is still some debate amongst academics whether certain African hominid species of this time, such as A. robustus and A. boisei , constitute members of the same genus; if so, they would be considered to be robust australopiths whilst the others would be considered gracile australopiths .
Australopithecus
Australopithecus sediba is a species of Australopithecus of the early Pleistocene , identified based on fossil remains dated to about 2 million years ago. The species is known from at least four partial skeletons discovered in the Malapa Fossil Site at the Cradle of Humankind World Heritage Site in South Africa , one a juvenile male (MH1, the holotype ), an adult female (MH2), at least one other adult and an 18-month-old infant. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] The MH1 and MH2 fossils were buried together, and have been dated to between 1.977 and 1.980 million years ago. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Over two hundred and twenty fragments from the species have been recovered to date. [ 2 ] The partial skeletons were initially described in two papers in the journal Science by American and South African palaeo-anthropologist Lee R.