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A classroom in Norway. Learning theories are conceptual frameworks that describe how information is absorbed, processed, and retained during learning . Cognitive, emotional, and environmental influences, as well as prior experience, all play a part in how understanding, or a world view, is acquired or changed, and knowledge and skills retained. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Behaviorists look at learning as an aspect of conditioning and will advocate a system of rewards and targets in education.
Learning theory (education)
Behaviorism
Behaviorism (or behaviourism ), is an approach to psychology that combines elements of philosophy, methodology, and theory. [ 1 ] It emerged in the early twentieth century as a reaction to "mentalistic" psychology, which often had difficulty making predictions that could be tested using rigorous experimental methods. The primary tenet of behaviorism, as expressed in the writings of John B. Watson , B. F. Skinner , and others, is that psychology should concern itself with the observable behavior of people and animals, not with unobservable events that take place in their minds. [ 2 ] The behaviorist school of thought maintains that behaviors as such can be described scientifically without recourse either to internal physiological events or to hypothetical constructs such as thoughts and beliefs. [ 3 ]
Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre. Le béhaviorisme ou comportementalisme est une approche psychologique qui consiste à se concentrer sur le comportement observable [ 1 ] déterminé par l' environnement et l'histoire des interactions de l'individu avec son milieu [ 2 ] . Par exemple, l' apprentissage y est décrit comme une modification du comportement observable , due à la modification de la force avec laquelle une réponse est associée à des stimuli extérieurs (environnement externe) ou à des stimuli intérieurs (environnement interne) sur l'organisme.
Béhaviorisme
Cognitivism (psychology)
In psychology , cognitivism is a theoretical framework for understanding the mind that gained credence in the 1950s. The movement was a response to behaviorism, which cognitivists said neglected to explain cognition . Cognitive psychology derived its name from the Latin cognoscere , referring to knowing and information, thus cognitive psychology is an information processing psychology derived in part from earlier traditions of the investigation of thought and problem solving. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Behaviorists acknowledged the existence of thinking, but identified it as a behavior. Cognitivists argued that the way people think impacts their behavior and therefore cannot be a behavior in and of itself. Cognitivists later argued that thinking is so essential to psychology that the study of thinking should become its own field. [ 2 ]
Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre. Le cognitivisme est le courant de recherche scientifique endossant l'hypothèse que la pensée est un processus de traitement de l'information , cadre théorique qui s'oppose, dans les années 1950, au béhaviorisme. On l'inscrit généralement dans l' approche computo-représentationnelle de l'esprit , bien que depuis la fin des années 1980, le modèle connexioniste rivalise avec le computationnalisme. Ce courant s'inscrit à l'opposé du béhaviorisme, mouvement qui remettait en question la scientificité de l'étude de la cognition, celle-ci n'étant pas directement observable.
Cognitivisme
Constructivism is a theory to explain how knowledge is constructed in the human being when information comes into contact with existing knowledge that had been developed by experiences. It has its roots in cognitive psychology and biology and an approach to education that lays emphasis on the ways knowledge is created in order to adapt to the world. Constructs are the different types of filters we choose to place over our realities to change our reality from chaos to order.
Constructivism (learning theory)
Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre. Le constructivisme , théorie de l’ apprentissage , a été développé, entre autres, par Piaget , dès 1923, en réaction au behaviorisme qui, d’après lui, limitait trop l’apprentissage à l’association stimulus-réponse . L’approche constructiviste met en avant l’activité et la capacité inhérentes à chaque sujet, ce qui lui permet d’appréhender la réalité qui l’entoure [ 1 ] . Le constructivisme suppose que les connaissances de chaque sujet ne sont pas une simple « copie » de la réalité, mais une « (re)construction » de celle-ci.
Constructivisme (psychologie)
Humanistic psychology
Humanistic psychology is a psychological perspective which rose to prominence in the mid-20th century in response to Sigmund Freud 's psychoanalytic theory and B.F.
Approche humaniste
Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre. L' Approche humaniste est un modèle psychothérapeutique cherchant à développer chez la personne qui consulte ( le client ) la capacité de faire des choix personnels ( choisir, c'est devenir autonome ). Appelée « la troisième force dans la psychologie » ( Third Force Psychology ), cette psychologie humaniste ( Humanistic Psychology ) s'est formée en 1957-1958 aux États-Unis, surtout sous l'impulsion d'Abraham Maslow. Pour Abraham Maslow , la première psychologie était la psychologie du comportement (le behaviorisme ) de John B.
Connectivism is a theory of learning which emphasizes the role of the social and cultural context opposed to a more essentialist notion which foregrounds the individual. Connectivism is often associated with and proposes a perspective similar to Vygotsky's 'zone of proximal development' (ZPD, an idea later transposed in to Engeström's (2001) Activity theory [ 1 ] . Central to connectivism is the relationship between work experience, learning and knowledge, as expressed in the concept of ‘connectivity, thus the root of the theory's name. [ 2 ] . It bears some similarity with Bandura's Social Learning Theory that proposes that people learn through contact. The add-on "a learning theory for the digital age", that appears in Siemens' paper [ 3 ] indicates the emphasis it gives to how technology affects how people live, how they communicate and how they learn. [ edit ] Nodes and links
Connectivism