Communication
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Meaning (philosophy of language)
The nature of meaning , its definition , elements, and types, was discussed by philosophers Aristotle , Augustine , and Aquinas . According to them 'meaning is a relationship between two sorts of things: signs and the kinds of things they mean (intend, express or signify)'. [ citation needed ] One term in the relationship of meaning necessarily causes something else to come to the mind. In other words: 'a sign is defined as an entity that indicates another entity to some agent for some purpose'. The types of meanings vary according to the types of the thing that is being represented.
In science , cognition is a group of mental processes that includes attention , memory , producing and understanding language , learning , reasoning , problem solving , and decision making . Various disciplines, such as psychology, linguistics, and computer science all study cognition. However, the term's usage varies across disciplines; for example, in psychology and cognitive science , "cognition" usually refers to an information processing view of an individual's psychological functions .
Cognition
Cognition
Cognitive science is the interdisciplinary scientific study of the mind and its processes. It examines what cognition is, what it does and how it works. It includes research on intelligence and behavior, especially focusing on how information is represented, processed, and transformed (in faculties such as perception , language , memory , reasoning , and emotion) within nervous systems (human or other animal) and machines (e.g. computers). Cognitive science consists of multiple research disciplines, including psychology , artificial intelligence , philosophy , neuroscience , linguistics , and anthropology . [ 1 ] It spans many levels of analysis, from low-level learning and decision mechanisms to high-level logic and planning; from neural circuitry to modular brain organization. The fundamental concept of cognitive science is "that thinking can best be understood in terms of representational structures in the mind and computational procedures that operate on those structures." [ 1 ]
Cognitive science
Cognitive science - Sciences cognitives
The ASCII codes for the word " Wikipedia " represented in binary , the numeral system most commonly used for encoding computer information. Information , in its most restricted technical sense, is a sequence of symbols that can be interpreted as a message . Information can be recorded as signs , or transmitted as signals .
Information
information
Communication (from Latin " communis ", meaning to share ) is the activity of conveying information through the exchange of thoughts, messages, or information, as by speech, visuals, signals, writing, or behavior.
Communication
Communication
Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre. La communication est l'action de communiquer, d'établir une relation avec autrui, de transmettre quelque chose à quelqu'un. Elle peut aussi désigner l'ensemble des moyens et techniques permettant la diffusion d'un message auprès d'une audience plus ou moins vaste et hétérogène ou l'action pour quelqu'un ou une organisation d'informer et de promouvoir son activité auprès d'autrui, d'entretenir son image, par tout procédé médiatique.communication
Communication sciences refers to the schools of scientific research of human communication. This perspective follows the logical positivist tradition of inquiry; most modern communication science falls into a tradition of post-positivism . Thus, communication scientists believe that there is an objective and independent reality that can be accessed through the method of scientific enquiry. Research conducted under this tradition is empirically based but can be both quantitative or qualitative. Communication science began in earnest when students of Wilbur Schramm --the founder of the Institute for Communications Research at the University of Illinois --namely David Berlo, came to Michigan State University and founded the first General Communication Arts department in the early 1950s.
Communication sciences
Communication studies
Communication studies is an academic field that deals with processes of human communication , commonly defined as the sharing of symbols to create meaning . The discipline encompasses a range of topics, from face-to-face conversation to mass media outlets such as television broadcasting . Communication studies also examines how messages are interpreted through the political, cultural, economic, semiotic , hermeneutic , and social dimensions of their contexts. [ edit ] HistoryUn article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre. Schéma simpliste de la transmission linéaire de l'information dans la communication (paradigme mécaniste) Les Sciences de l'information et de la communication (SIC) forment un champ de recherches créé au cours du XX e siècle. Domaine scientifique pluridisciplinaire, les SIC sont à l'articulation des sciences humaines et des sciences de l'ingénieur . En France, les Sciences de l'information et de la communication sont composées de divers courants: les sciences de l'information ( documentation , bibliologie , bibliothéconomie ...) ; les sciences de la communication (études des médias, culture, société), les recherches sur les communications organisationnelles (Institutions, organisations, entreprises..)
Sciences de l'information et de la communication
In semiotics, a sign is something that can be interpreted as having a meaning , which is something other than itself, and which is therefore able to communicate information to the one interpreting or decoding the sign. Signs can work through any of the senses, visual, auditory, tactile, olfactory or taste, and their meaning can be intentional such as a word uttered with a specific meaning, or unintentional such as a symptom being a sign of a particular medical condition. There are two major theories about the way in which signs acquire the ability to transfer information; both theories understand the defining property of the sign as being a relation between a number of elements. In the tradition of semiotics developed by Ferdinand de Saussure the sign relation is dyadic, consisting only of a form of the sign (the signifier) and its meaning (the signified). Saussure saw this relation as being essentially arbitrary motivated only by social convention.
Sign (semiotics)
There are many models of the linguistic sign (see also sign (semiotics) ). A classic model is the one by the Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure . According to him, language is made up of signs and every sign has two sides (like a coin or a sheet of paper, both sides of which are inseparable):
Sign (linguistics)
Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre. Pour les articles homonymes, voir Signe . Un signe linguistique désigne une unité d'expression du langage . Le signe linguistique est l'objet d'étude de différentes branches de la linguistique :
Signe linguistique
sign - signe
symbol - symbole
semiology - sémiologie
semiotics - sémiotique
language - langage
language - langue
linguistics - linguistique