FRONT. VET. SCI. 06/01/21 Pet Reptiles: A Potential Source of Transmission of Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella. Introduction Salmonella is widely considered one of the most important zoonotic pathogens worldwide.
This pathogen has become an important public health concern with a significant economic impact, which has been estimated at 3.6 billion dollars annually (1, 2). In Europe, salmonellosis was responsible for 94,203 human cases, of which 9.3% corresponded to Spain (3). The infection usually causes self-limited diarrhoeal illness, although severe illness and death may occur, especially in children, elderly or immunocompromised adults (4). However, the overall epidemiological pattern of human salmonellosis cases is related to Salmonella-contaminated food from animal origin, especially eggs and poultry meat, and ~6% of human salmonellosis cases are acquired after direct or indirect contact with reptiles (3, 4).
In the last few years, exotic reptiles have risen in popularity as pets, with a population of over 7 million in European households (5). Materials and Methods Sample Collection. ACTA VETERINARIA SCANDINAVICA 09/01/20 Prevalence of Salmonella serovars isolated from reptiles in Norwegian zoos. Prevalence of Salmonella spp. in captive Norwegian reptiles compared to other countries The overall prevalence of Salmonella in captive Norwegian reptiles (43%, CI 33–53%) is consistent with the spectrum of prevalence’s reported globally: Japan (74%) [6], Germany/Austria (54%) [3], Italy (51 and 57%) [4, 22], Australia (47%) [10], Denmark (35%) [11], Taiwan (31%) [8], Trinidad (31%) [2], Republic of Korea (30%) [7], Croatia (13%) [37] and New Zealand (11%) [9].
The variation in reported Salmonella prevalence amongst different reptile populations may represent a true different in infection status, for instance Scheelings et al. [10] found a higher prevalence of Salmonella in reptiles held in captivity (47%) compared to wild reptiles (14%), although this is yet to be confirmed by other studies. In general, Salmonella prevalence is reported to be higher in snakes than in lizards or chelonias [3, 6, 8, 10, 11]. Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases - 2013 - Risk factors for invasive reptile-associated salmonellosis in children.
VETERINARNI MEDICINA - 2017 - Prevalence and characteristics of Salmonella species isolated from captive reptiles in the Czech Republic. INVS 07/01/14 Salmonelloses chez des jeunes enfants et exposition aux reptiles domestiques : investigation en France métropolitaine en 2012. Salmonelloses chez des jeunes enfants et exposition aux reptiles domestiques : investigation en France métropolitaine en 2012.
Pathogens. 2017 Sep; 6(3): 38. A Review of Salmonella and Squamates (Lizards, Snakes and Amphisbians): Implications for Public Health. SLOV VET RES - 2016 - THE PREVALENCE AND ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE OF Salmonella SPECIES ISOLATED FROM CAPTIVE REPTILES AT LJUBLJANA ZOO. Preventive Veterinary Medicine Volume 146, 1 October 2017, Risk for zoonotic Salmonella transmission from pet reptiles: A survey on knowledge, attitudes and practices of reptile-owners related to reptile husbandry. <div pearltreesdevid="PTD135" role="alert" class="alert-message-container"><div pearltreesdevid="PTD136" aria-hidden="true" class="alert-message-body"><span pearltreesdevid="PTD137" style="display: inline-block;" class="Icon IconAlert"><svg pearltreesDevId="PTD138" style="width: 100%; height: 100%;" width="24" height="24" focusable="false" tabindex="-1" fill="currentColor"><path pearltreesDevId="PTD139" fill="#f80" d="M11.84 4.63c-.77.05-1.42.6-1.74 1.27-1.95 3.38-3.9 6.75-5.85 10.13-.48.83-.24 1.99.53 2.56.7.6 1.66.36 2.5.41 3.63 0 7.27.01 10.9-.01 1.13-.07 2.04-1.28 1.76-2.39-.1-.58-.56-1.02-.81-1.55-1.85-3.21-3.69-6.43-5.55-9.64-.42-.52-1.06-.83-1.74-.79z"></path><path pearltreesDevId="PTD140" d="M11 8h2v5h-2zM11 14h2v2h-2z"></path></svg></span><!
-- react-text: 55 -->JavaScript is disabled on your browser. Please enable JavaScript to use all the features on this page. <! Vojnosanit Pregl 2016; 73(10) 980–982. Neglected zoonosis – The Prevalence of Salmonella spp. in pet reptiles in Serbia. African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 11(3), pp. 682-686, 10 January, 2012 Rapid detection and isolation of Salmonella sp. from amphibians and reptiles. Acta Microbiologica et Immunologica Hungarica, 63 (2), pp. 203–216 (2016) SALMONELLA INFECTION IN HEALTHY PET REPTILES: BACTERIOLOGICAL ISOLATION AND STUDY OF SOME PATHOGENIC CHARACTERS. EUROSURVEILLANCE 25/08/16 Increase in reptile-associated human salmonellosis and shift toward adulthood in the age groups at risk, the Netherlands, 1985 to 2014. L Mughini-Gras 1 , M Heck 1 , W van Pelt 1 + Author affiliations Citation style for this article: Mughini-Gras L, Heck M, van Pelt W.
ASPC 02/06/14 Avis de santé publique - Éclosion de salmonellose associée au contact avec des serpents et des rongeurs servant à les nourrir. Pour partager cette page, veuillez cliquez sur le réseau sociale de votre choix. 11 juin 2014 Le présent avis public a été mis à jour pour inclure 2 autres cas en Ontario qui se sont ajoutés à l’enquête.
En 2014, un total de 22 cas de maladie ont été déclarés dans trois provinces : Colombie-Britannique, Ontario et Québec. Pourquoi tenir compte du présent avis L’Agence de la santé publique du Canada collabore avec ses partenaires provinciaux en santé publique pour faire enquête sur une éclosion de salmonellose associée au contact avec des serpents et des rongeurs servant à nourrir des reptiles, comme des souris. American Society for Microbiology 23/05/10 Genetic Variability in Multi-Drug Resistant Salmonella Newport Associated with Dairy Cattle and S. Kentucky Associated with Poultry.
CDC - Reptiles and Salmonella. Reptiles, Amphibians, and Salmonella Did you know that reptiles and amphibians like turtles, lizards, and frogs can carry a harmful germ called Salmonella?
If there are young children in your home, reptiles and amphibians might not be safe pets for your family. Hundreds of people have become ill in several ongoing, nationwide Salmonella outbreaks linked to small turtles. Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series B. 01/2004; Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Salmonella spp. in Pet Mammals, Reptiles, Fish Aquarium Water, and Birds in Trinidad. Medycyna weterynaryjna. 06/2011 Salmonella in reptiles: Epidemiology of infection and public health aspect. Zoonoses and Public Healt 31/10/07 A multi-state Salmonella Typhimurium outbreak associated with frozen vacuum-packed rodents used to feed snakes.
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2004 January; 70(1): 613–615. Pet Snakes as a Reservoir for Salmonella enterica subsp. diarizonae (Serogroup IIIb): a Prospective Study. CDC - MMWR Weekly: Multistate Outbreak of Human Salmonella Typhimurium Infections Associated with Aquatic Frogs—United States, 2009. Persons using assistive technology might not be able to fully access information in this file.
For assistance, please send e-mail to: mmwrq@cdc.gov. Type 508 Accommodation in the subject line of e-mail. During April--July 2009, the Utah Department of Health identified five cases of Salmonella Typhimurium infection with indistinguishable pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns, predominantly among children. In August, CDC began a multistate outbreak investigation to determine the source of the infections.
This report summarizes the results of this ongoing investigation, which, as of December 30, had identified 85 S. The five cases identified in July 2009 by the Utah Department of Health all had isolates indistinguishable by pulsed field gel electrophoresis and were identified with XbaI pattern JPXX01.0177. CDC - MMWR Weekly: Multistate Outbreak of Human Salmonella Infections Associated with Exposure to Turtles—United States, 2007-2008. Persons using assistive technology might not be able to fully access information in this file.
FDA - Pet Turtles: A Common Source of Salmonella (brochure) (PDF - 1.2MB) HPA - MARS 2000 - Salmonella perils of pet reptiles. Braz. J. Microbiol. vol.32 no.4 São Paulo Oct./Dec. 2001 SALMONELLA IN BRAZILIAN AND IMPORTED PET REPTILES. Isabel Valéria Abalem de Sá1; Claude André Solari1,2* 1Departamento de Bacteriologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. 2Departamento de Patologia e Apoio Clínico, Escola de Medicina e Cirurgia, UNIRIO, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil Submitted: May 04, 2001; Approved: September 03, 2001 ABSTRACT The presence of salmonellae in fecal samples or cloacal swabs of 97 pet reptiles (15 snakes, 24 lizards and 58 chelonians) was investigated.
Thirty seven animals had national origin and 60 were imported. FDA 24/02/10 Pet Turtles: Cute But Contaminated with Salmonella. Because young children are more vulnerable to the effects of Salmonella, since 1975, FDA has banned the sale of turtles with a shell less than four inches long. Get Consumer Updates by E-mail Consumer Updates RSS Feed Download PDF (238 K) On this page: The little glassy-eyed creatures may look cute and harmless, but small turtles can make people very ill.
People can get Salmonella by coming in contact with turtles or other reptiles (lizards, snakes)amphibians (frogs, salamanders, newts)the habitats of reptiles or amphibians, like cages, tanks and aquariums Salmonella can cause a serious or even life-threatening infection in people, even though the bacteria do not make reptiles or amphibians sick. People infected with Salmonella may have diarrhea, fever, stomach pain, nausea, vomiting, and headache.
Back to top Who Is at Risk? CDC EID – DEC 2012 – Au sommaire: Reptile- and Amphibian-associated Salmonellosis in Childcare Centers, United States. Suggested citation for this article To the Editor: Salmonella spp. infection represents a major public health problem in the United States; nearly 1.4 million human cases and 600 associated deaths are reported each year (1). Reptile and amphibian exposures might cause >70,000 of these cases annually (2). Furthermore, children are at increased risk of acquiring Salmonella spp. and experiencing severe manifestations of disease (3,4). Given the increasing popularity of reptiles and amphibians as pets, reptile- and amphibian-associated salmonellosis is a substantial public health concern (5). The public has a generally low level of awareness that Salmonella spp. can be acquired from reptiles and amphibians (6); a poll conducted by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) during 2003 showed that as few as 4 of 49 states require pet stores to provide information about salmonellosis to persons purchasing reptiles (4).
This survey has several limitations. Acknowledgments References. VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY - 2014 - Salmonella serotypes in reptiles and humans, French Guiana. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 46(2): 234–240, 2015 Prevalence of Salmonella serovars from captive reptiles from Croatia. EUROSURVEILLANCE 14/11/13 Au sommaire: Evidence for the transmission of Salmonella from reptiles to children in Germany, July 2010 to October 2011. This study examines the Salmonella status in reptiles kept in households with children suffering from gastroenteritis due to an exotic Salmonella serovar, to obtain information on possible transmission paths. A number of affected households (n=79) were contacted, and almost half (34/79) comprised at least one reptile in the home. Of the households, 19 were further studied, whereby a total of 36 reptiles were investigated.
Samples were taken from the reptiles including the oral cavity, the cloaca, the skin and, in the case of lizards, the stomach, and isolation of Salmonella strains was performed using repeated enrichment and typing. Where the Salmonella serovars of the infected child and the reptile were identical, typing was followed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). GOV_UK - NOV 2014 - Reducing the risks of Salmonella infection from reptiles. ASPC 27/05/14 Salmonelles et reptiles. Pour partager cette page, veuillez cliquez sur le réseau sociale de votre choix. Les salmonelles sont naturellement présentes dans les intestins de la plupart des reptiles (lézards, serpents, tortues), qui vivent avec ces bactéries sans être malades.
Ces bactéries peuvent donc être transmises lorsque les reptiles excrètent des matières fécales dans leur environnement, contaminant ainsi leur corps ainsi que l’endroit où ils vivent et où ils se promènent en liberté. Les reptiles peuvent déjà être porteurs de salmonelles lorsque vous les achetez dans une animalerie ou être infectés plus tard après avoir été exposés à d’autres animaux infectés ou à des aliments contaminés. Les rongeurs (congelés ou non) utilisés pour nourrir certains reptiles peuvent également être porteurs de ces bactéries, qui peuvent rendre les gens malades immédiatement après les avoir manipulés, ou infecter les reptiles qui excréteront ensuite les bactéries. Qui sont les personnes les plus vulnérables? Herpetology Notes, volume 7: 145-147 (2014) Salmonella associated with captive and wild lizards in Malaysia.