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MyGCSEscience. GCSE Bitesize - Evolution. Insulin and blood sugar control. Controlling the blood sugar levels When you digest a meal, particularly one which is high in carbohydrate foods such as bread, pasta and cakes, the level of glucose in your blood rises. Glucose is important to the cells of the body, particularly the brain and the muscles, as an energy source for cellular respiration. If you don't eat for a long time or take a lot of exercise the blood sugar levels could fall dangerously low.

It is important that the level of glucose in your blood (often called the blood sugar level) is controlled so that it does not rise too high or fall too low. This control is brought about by the pancreas, an organ which makes enzymes for the digestive system and hormones to control the blood glucose levels. GCSE Bitesize - Genetic variation and its control. What is cloning? How does genetic engineering work? Gene Therapy: Molecular Bandage? GCSE Bitesize - Genetic variation and its control. Genes and inheritance. Genes contain the code to make proteins, which are involved in the development and functioning of body organs and systems.

Proteins are essential to life and have many functions in the body, for example, as enzymes, regulators and structural molecules. Genes are also the units of heredity by which characteristics, such as eye colour and blood group, are passed from one generation to the next. There are a number of interactive features in this e-source: A glossary of terms: any word with a glossary entry is highlighted like this. Clicking on the <acronym title='Glossary Item'>highlighted</acronym> word will open a new window with a definition of the word. Moving the mouse over the highlighted word will show a definition of that word.Quick questions: at the end of each page or section there is a set of quick questions to test your understanding.Animations: most of the animations can be expanded to full screen size, ideal for showing on an interactive whiteboard. GCSE Bitesize - Food chains, energy, biomass and cycles.

GCSE Bitesize - Interdependence and adaptation. GCSE Bitesize - The use and abuse of drugs. GCSE Bitesize - Nerves and hormones. GCSE Bitesize: Receptors. GCSE Bitesize: Pathogens: bacteria. Vaccination. Developed by Edward Jenner in 1796, vaccination has made a major contribution to the fight against infectious diseases. It prepares your body's immune system to prevent infections from diseases such as measles, mumps, rubella, polio and tetanus.

When you are vaccinated, you are given the pathogen that causes the disease, or even just some harmless fragments of it. It is safe because it contains pathogens that have been killed or weakened so that they do not cause an infection. Vaccines can sometimes be given by mouth or an injection. Sometimes more than one vaccine is given at the same time. This is the case in the MMR triple vaccine (measles, mumps and rubella) which are contained in a single injection. Your immune system detects the foreign pathogens and mounts a primary immune response against them even though they will not cause an infection. With some vaccinations, the immune memory can reduce over several years. A small child receiving an oral polio vaccine in Ethiopia. Infectious diseases: pathogens. There are a number of interactive features in this e-source: A glossary of terms: any word with a glossary entry is highlighted like this.

Clicking on the <acronym title='Glossary Item'>highlighted</acronym> word will open a new window with a definition of the word.Quick questions: at the end of a page/section, there is a set of quick questions to test your understanding of the scientific ideas.Animations: most of the animations can be expanded to full screen size, ideal for showing on an interactive whiteboard.

The animations will play all the way through or can be viewed one section at a time.Downloads: Teachers can download individual diagrams, animations and other content from the Resource Library area of the website. Terms and Conditions apply. If you are printing from an Internet Explorer (IE) browser, please go to 'print preview' and adjust the preferred print zoom level to 85% . This will ensure that all content on the ABPI modules will print out correctly.

White blood cells / response to infection. Natural active immunity (natural acquired immunity) The surface of every cell is covered with molecules that give it a unique set of characteristics. These molecules are called antigens. Antigens are generally fragments of protein or carbohydrate molecules. There are millions of different antigens and each one has a unique shape that can be recognised by the white blood cells of your immune system. The antigens on the surface of pathogenic cells are different from those on the surface of your own cells. Primary response to infection If a pathogen enters your body, white blood cells of your immune system quickly recognise its foreign antigens. This initial response takes a few days before it is large enough to fight off the infection. White blood cells are found all over your body, but especially in your lymph glands. Different types of white blood cells respond in one of three different ways to the presence of a pathogen in the body:

GCSE Bitesize: Nutrients. GCSE Bitesize - AQA.