Future Timeline | Technology | Singularity | 2020 | 2050 | 2100 | 2150 | 2200 | 21st century | 22nd century | 23rd century | Humanity | Predictions | Events. Exocortex. An exocortex is a theoretical artificial external information processing system that would augment a brain's biological high-level cognitive processes. An individual's exocortex would be composed of external memory modules, processors, IO devices and software systems that would interact with, and augment, a person's biological brain. Typically this interaction is described as being conducted through a direct brain-computer interface, making these extensions functionally part of the individual's mind. Individuals with significant exocortices could be classified as cyborgs or transhumans. Living Digital provided one description of the concept: While [the traditional concept of] a cyborg has included artificial mechanical limbs, embedded chips and devices, another interesting concept is the exocortex, which is a brain-computer interface.
In theory, the exocortex would be a computer-like processing system that would co-exist with and enhance the power of the human brain. Etymology[edit] IBM produces first working chips modeled on the human brain. IBM has been shipping computers for more than 65 years, and it is finally on the verge of creating a true electronic brain. Big Blue is announcing today that it, along with four universities and the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), have created the basic design of an experimental computer chip that emulates the way the brain processes information. IBM’s so-called cognitive computing chips could one day simulate and emulate the brain’s ability to sense, perceive, interact and recognize — all tasks that humans can currently do much better than computers can. Dharmendra Modha (pictured below right) is the principal investigator of the DARPA project, called Synapse (Systems of Neuromorphic Adaptive Plastic Scalable Electronics, or SyNAPSE).
He is also a researcher at the IBM Almaden Research Center in San Jose, Calif. We wrote about the project when IBM announced the project in November, 2008 and again when it hit its first milestone in November, 2009. Cognitive radio. Description[edit] In response to the operator's commands, the cognitive engine is capable of configuring radio-system parameters. These parameters include "waveform, protocol, operating frequency, and networking". This functions as an autonomous unit in the communications environment, exchanging information about the environment with the networks it accesses and other cognitive radios (CRs). A CR "monitors its own performance continuously", in addition to "reading the radio's outputs"; it then uses this information to "determine the RF environment, channel conditions, link performance, etc.
", and adjusts the "radio's settings to deliver the required quality of service subject to an appropriate combination of user requirements, operational limitations, and regulatory constraints". J. H. Snider, Lawrence Lessig, David Weinberger, and others say that low power "smart" radio is inherently superior to standard broadcast radio.[1][2][3][4] History[edit] Terminology[edit] Technology[edit] Aubrey de Grey. Aubrey David Nicholas Jasper de Grey (/dəˈɡreɪ/; born 20 April 1963[5])[6] is an English author and theoretician in the field of gerontology and the Chief Science Officer of the SENS Research Foundation. He is editor-in-chief of the academic journal Rejuvenation Research, author of The Mitochondrial Free Radical Theory of Aging (1999) and co-author of Ending Aging (2007).
He is known for his view that medical technology may enable human beings alive today to live to lifespans far in excess of any existing authenticated cases. Early life and education[edit] De Grey was born and brought up in London, England.[12] He told The Observer that he never knew his father, and that his mother, an artist, encouraged him in the areas she herself was the weakest: science and mathematics.[3] He was educated at Sussex House School[13] and Harrow School. He attended the University of Cambridge, and studied at its constituent college of Trinity Hall. Career[edit] Strategies[edit] Pro-aging trance[edit] Aubrey de Grey says we can avoid aging. Generational list of programming languages. Here, a genealogy of programming languages is shown. Languages are categorized under the ancestor language with the strongest influence. Of course, any such categorization has a large arbitrary element, since programming languages often incorporate major ideas from multiple sources.
ALGOL based[edit] APL based[edit] BASIC based[edit] Batch languages[edit] C based[edit] COBOL based[edit] COMIT based[edit] DCL based[edit] DCLWindows PowerShell (also under C#, ksh and Perl) ed based[edit] Eiffel based[edit] Forth based[edit] Fortran based[edit] FP based[edit] HyperTalk based[edit] Java based[edit] JOSS based[edit] Lisp based[edit] ML based[edit] PL/I based[edit] Prolog based[edit] SASL Based[edit] SETL based[edit] sh based[edit] Sh Simula based[edit] Tcl based[edit] Others[edit] External links[edit] Diagram & history of programming languages. D-Wave Systems. D-Wave Systems, Inc. is a quantum computing company, based in Burnaby, British Columbia. On May 11, 2011, D-Wave System announced D-Wave One, labeled "the world's first commercially available quantum computer," operating on a 128 qubit chip-set[1] using quantum annealing [2][3][4][5] to solve optimization problems.
In May 2013 it was announced that a collaboration between NASA, Google and the Universities Space Research Association (USRA) launched a Quantum Artificial Intelligence Lab based on the D-Wave Two 512 qubit quantum computer that would be used for research into machine learning, among other fields of study.[6] The D-Wave One was built on early prototypes such as D-Wave's Orion Quantum Computer.
Technology description[edit] D-Wave maintains a list of peer-reviewed technical publications on their website, authored by D-Wave scientists and by third party researchers. History[edit] Orion prototype[edit] According to Dr. 2009 Google demonstration[edit] D-Wave One computer system[edit] Simulated reality. Simulated reality is the hypothesis that reality could be simulated—for example by computer simulation—to a degree indistinguishable from "true" reality.
It could contain conscious minds which may or may not be fully aware that they are living inside a simulation. This is quite different from the current, technologically achievable concept of virtual reality. Virtual reality is easily distinguished from the experience of actuality; participants are never in doubt about the nature of what they experience.
Simulated reality, by contrast, would be hard or impossible to separate from "true" reality. There has been much debate over this topic, ranging from philosophical discourse to practical applications in computing. Types of simulation[edit] Brain-computer interface[edit] Virtual people[edit] In a virtual-people simulation, every inhabitant is a native of the simulated world. Arguments[edit] Simulation argument[edit] 1. 2. 3. Relativity of reality[edit] Computationalism[edit] Dreaming[edit] UCSB scientists discover how the brain encodes memories at a cellular level. (Santa Barbara, Calif.) –– Scientists at UC Santa Barbara have made a major discovery in how the brain encodes memories. The finding, published in the December 24 issue of the journal Neuron, could eventually lead to the development of new drugs to aid memory.
The team of scientists is the first to uncover a central process in encoding memories that occurs at the level of the synapse, where neurons connect with each other. "When we learn new things, when we store memories, there are a number of things that have to happen," said senior author Kenneth S. Kosik, co-director and Harriman Chair in Neuroscience Research, at UCSB's Neuroscience Research Institute. "One of the most important processes is that the synapses –– which cement those memories into place –– have to be strengthened," said Kosik. This is a neuron. (Photo Credit: Sourav Banerjee) Part of strengthening a synapse involves making new proteins. When the signal comes in, the wrapping protein degrades or gets fragmented. Autonomic Computing. The system makes decisions on its own, using high-level policies; it will constantly check and optimize its status and automatically adapt itself to changing conditions.
An autonomic computing framework is composed of autonomic components (AC) interacting with each other. An AC can be modeled in terms of two main control loops (local and global) with sensors (for self-monitoring), effectors (for self-adjustment), knowledge and planner/adapter for exploiting policies based on self- and environment awareness. Driven by such vision, a variety of architectural frameworks based on “self-regulating” autonomic components has been recently proposed. A very similar trend has recently characterized significant research in the area of multi-agent systems.
Autonomy-oriented computation is a paradigm proposed by Jiming Liu in 2001 that uses artificial systems imitating social animals' collective behaviours to solve difficult computational problems. Problem of growing complexity[edit] Automatic Aware.