SQL PLSQL Oracle INDEX. Resources Database Systems: The Complete Book by Hector Garcia, Jeff Ullman, and Jennifer Widom. A First Course in Database Systems by Jeff Ullman and Jennifer Widom. Gradiance SQL Tutorial. This document highlights some of the differences between the SQL standard and the SQL dialect of Oracle 9i. Please share with us any additional differences that you may find. Basic SQL Features Oracle does not support AS in FROM clauses, but you can still specify tuple variables without AS: from Relation1 u, Relation2 v On the other hand, Oracle does support AS in SELECT clauses, although the use of AS is completely optional.
The set-difference operator in Oracle is called MINUS rather than EXCEPT. In Oracle, you must always prefix an attribute reference with the table name whenever this attribute name appears in more than one table in the FROM clause. Select B from R, S where R.B = S.B; /* ILLEGAL! Instead, you should use: select R.B from R, S where R.B = S.B; is accepted. Comments Data Types Indexes Views. SET System Variable Summary. An asterisk (*) indicates the SET option is not available in iSQL*Plus. SET APPI[NFO]{ON | OFF | text} Sets automatic registering of scripts through the DBMS_APPLICATION_INFO package. This enables the performance and resource usage of each script to be monitored by your DBA. The registered name appears in the MODULE column of the V$SESSION and V$SQLAREA virtual tables. ON registers scripts invoked by the @, @@ or START commands.
The registered name has the format nn@xfilename where: nn is the depth level of script; x is '<' when the script name is truncated, otherwise, it is blank; and filename is the script name, possibly truncated to the length allowed by the DBMS_APPLICATION_INFO package interface. For more information on the DBMS_APPLICATION_INFO package, see the Oracle Database Performance Tuning Guide. Example To display the value of APPINFO, as it is SET OFF by default, enter To change the default text, enter SET APPINFO 'This is SQL*Plus' SET ARRAY[SIZE] {15 | n} Note: SET ESCAPE !
UTL_FILE PLSQL Oracle. The UTL_FILE package lets your PL/SQL programs read and write operating system (OS) text files. It provides a restricted version of standard OS stream file input/output (I/O). The file I/O capabilities are similar to those of the standard operating system stream file I/O (OPEN, GET, PUT, CLOSE), with some limitations. For example, call the FOPEN function to return a file handle, which you then use in subsequent calls to GET_LINE or PUT to perform stream I/O to a file. When you are done performing I/O on the file, call FCLOSE to complete any output and to free any resources associated with the file.
Security The PL/SQL file I/O feature is available for both client side and server side PL/SQL. The client implementation (text I/O) is subject to normal operating system file permission checking, and it does not need any additional security constraints. Server Security Server security for PL/SQL file I/O consists of a restriction on the directories that can be accessed. Examples (UNIX-Specific) Alterando Schema. I have a requirement where schema name would be passed as a parameter to the procedure and I am supposed to write some DML statements on some of the fixed tables. The table names are common among any schemas, but then only the schema names change. This weird requirment is because, here they do not maintain same names for schemas on DEV,QA,UAT and PROD databases, and I can not change that. My thoughts are that it can be acheived only using Dynamic SQL.
I want to know whether any alternate ways exist since this is going to be the case on various packages and procedures. For example I have a package with around 80 procedures in it which have couple of DML statements in it. Now they want to pass the schema name to main procedure and want the 80 procedures to perform the DML on the schema name passed :) So, should I change all the 80 procedures and make all the DML in it to Dynamic SQL (I am afraid I might end up doing that)? Please suggest. Sqlplus set command. Set sqlplus system settings and defaults. Syntax: The items in Gray on this page are deprecated from Oracle 9 onwards - also note that several of the options above have 'gone missing' from the official documentation set - HELP SET is a more accurate reference.
Get a list of these SET options in sql*plus with the command: SQLPLUS> HELP SET Example A demo SQL script with the most common SET options Related: SQL*Plus commands. ORACLE - DBA Tips Corner. Oracle PLSQL ROWNUM and ROWID. Questions:How do I limit the number of rows returned by a query? How do I write a query to get the Top-N salaries from the employee table? How can I add unique, sequential numbers to an existing table? How can I differentiate between two completely identical rows? How can I find a faster way to retrieve a queried row? How can I find the last row processed in a big batch? There is one thing all these questions have in common: the answer involves either ROWNUM or ROWID.
So what is ROWNUM and ROWID? First of all, both are covered in the SQL Reference, Basic Elements of Oracle SQL, Chapter 2: They are also both referred to as pseudo-columns. In fact, ROWNUM only exists for a row once it is retrieved from a query. Scott@Robert> SELECT ROWNUM, ENAME, SAL 2 FROM EMP; Ok so let's say we want the 5 highest paid employees. Scott@Robert> SELECT ROWNUM, ENAME, SAL 2 FROM EMP 3 WHERE ROWNUM < 6 4 ORDER BY SAL DESC; Whoops! ROWID as data type : rowid " Select Query " Oracle PL / SQL. SQL*Plus FAQ. SQL*Plus is a command line SQL and PL/SQL language interface and reporting tool that ships with the Oracle Database Client and Server software. It can be used interactively or driven from scripts.
SQL*Plus is frequently used by DBAs and Developers to interact with the Oracle database. If you are familiar with other databases, sqlplus is equivalent to: "sql" in Ingres, "isql" in Sybase and SQL Server, "sqlcmd" in Microsoft SQL Server, "db2" in IBM DB2, "psql" in PostgreSQL, and "mysql" in MySQL. SQL*Plus's predecessor was called UFI (User Friendly Interface). Start using SQL*Plus by executing the "sqlplus" command-line utility from the $ORACLE_HOME/bin directory.
Userid/password@db -- Connection details /nolog -- Do not login to Oracle. Look at this example session: sqlplus /nolog SQL> connect scott/tiger SQL> select * from tab; SQL> disconnect SQL> exit Please note that one must prepare the environment before starting sqlplus. Linux/ Unix example: $ . oraenv ORACLE_SID = [orcl] ? Or... or.