Wooden Churches of Southern Little Poland. Wooden Churches of Southern Małopolska The wooden churches of southern Little Poland represent outstanding examples of the different aspects of medieval church-building traditions in Roman Catholic culture. Built using the horizontal log technique, common in eastern and northern Europe since the Middle Ages, these churches were sponsored by noble families and became status symbols.
They offered an alternative to the stone structures erected in urban centres. Églises en bois du sud de Małopolska Les églises en bois du sud de la Petite Pologne représentent des exemples exceptionnels des différents aspects des traditions de construction des églises médiévales dans la culture catholique romaine. Utilisant la technique des rondins de bois disposés horizontalement, répandue en Europe du Nord et de l’Est depuis le Moyen Âge, ces églises étaient construites par les familles nobles et devinrent également un signe de prestige. الكنائس الخشبية في جنوب بولندا الصغيرة source: UNESCO/ERI 南部小波兰木制教堂. Wieliczka Salt Mine.
Wieliczka and Bochnia Royal Salt Mines The deposit of rock salt in Wieliczka and Bochnia has been mined since the 13th century. This major industrial undertaking has royal status and is the oldest of its type in Europe. The site is a serial property consisting of Wieliczka and Bochnia salt mines and Wieliczka Saltworks Castle. The Wieliczka and Bochnia Royal Salt Mines illustrate the historic stages of the development of mining techniques in Europe from the 13th to the 20th centuries: both mines have hundreds of kilometers of galleries with works of art, underground chapels and statues sculpted in the salt, making a fascinating pilgrimage into the past. Mines royales de sel de Wieliczka et Bochnia Le filon géologique de sel gemme de Wieliczka et Bochnia a été exploité continuellement depuis le XIIIe siècle. Reales minas de sal de Wieliczka y Bochnia source: UNESCO/ERI Koninklijke zoutmijnen Wieliczka en Bochnia Source: unesco.nl Outstanding Universal Value Brief synthesis Integrity Authenticity.
Old City of Zamość. Old City of Zamość Zamosc was founded in the 16th century by the chancellor Jan Zamoysky on the trade route linking western and northern Europe with the Black Sea. Modelled on Italian theories of the 'ideal city' and built by the architect Bernando Morando, a native of Padua, Zamosc is a perfect example of a late-16th-century Renaissance town. It has retained its original layout and fortifications and a large number of buildings that combine Italian and central European architectural traditions.
Vieille ville de Zamość La ville a été fondée au XVIe siècle par le chancelier Jan Zamoysky sur la route commerciale reliant l'Europe de l'Ouest et du Nord à la mer Noire. مدينة زاموسك القديمة أنشأ رئيس الحكومة جان زامويسكي هذه المدينة في القرن السادس عشر على الطريق التجاري الذي يصل أوروبا الغربية والشمالية بالبحر الاسود. Source: UNESCO/ERI 扎莫希奇古城 公元16世纪，军事将领简·扎莫希奇建立了扎莫希奇古城。 Старая часть города Замосць Ciudad vieja de Zamość Oude stad van Zamość Source: unesco.nl Old City of Zamosc Long Description. Muskauer Park / Park Mużakowski. Muskauer Park / Park Mużakowski A landscaped park of 559.9 ha astride the Neisse River and the border between Poland and Germany, it was created by Prince Hermann von Puckler-Muskau from 1815 to 1844.
Blending seamlessly with the surrounding farmed landscape, the park pioneered new approaches to landscape design and influenced the development of landscape architecture in Europe and America. Designed as a ‘painting with plants’, it did not seek to evoke classical landscapes, paradise, or some lost perfection, instead using local plants to enhance the inherent qualities of the existing landscape.
This integrated landscape extends into the town of Muskau with green passages that formed urban parks framing areas for development. Parc de Muskau / Parc Mużakowski Ce parc paysager de 559,90 ha, situé de part et d’autre de la Neisse et de la frontière germano-polonaise, a été créé par le prince Hermann von Pückler-Muskau entre 1815 et 1844. منتزه موسكاو / منتزه موزاكوفسكي source: UNESCO/ERI 穆斯考尔公园.
Ący Zamek. Zamek. Kalwaria Zebrzydowska: the Mannerist Architectural and Park Landscape Complex and Pilgrimage Park. Kalwaria Zebrzydowska: the Mannerist Architectural and Park Landscape Complex and Pilgrimage Park Kalwaria Zebrzydowska is a breathtaking cultural landscape of great spiritual significance. Its natural setting – in which a series of symbolic places of worship relating to the Passion of Jesus Christ and the life of the Virgin Mary was laid out at the beginning of the 17th century – has remained virtually unchanged.
It is still today a place of pilgrimage. Kalwaria Zebrzydowska : ensemble architectural maniériste et paysager et parc de pèlerinage Kalwaria Zebrzydowska est un paysage culturel d'une grande beauté et d'une grande importance spirituelle. كالفاريا زيبرزيدوفسكا : مجموعة هندسية متكلّفة ومقلّدة للطبيعة ومنتزه للحجّ يُعتبر كالفاريا زيبرزيدوفسكا منظراً طبيعيًّا ثقافيًّا في غاية الجمال ويتمتّع بأهميّة روحيّة كبيرة جدًا. Source: UNESCO/ERI 卡瓦利泽布日多夫斯津：自成一家的建筑景观朝圣园 卡瓦利泽布日多夫斯津是一处将美丽风景和宗教内涵融于一身的文化景观。 Кальвария-Зебжидовска: монастырский архитектурно-парковый комплекс в стиле маньеризма. Historic Centre of Warsaw. Historic Centre of Warsaw During the Warsaw Uprising in August 1944, more than 85% of Warsaw's historic centre was destroyed by Nazi troops. After the war, a five-year reconstruction campaign by its citizens resulted in today's meticulous restoration of the Old Town, with its churches, palaces and market-place.
It is an outstanding example of a near-total reconstruction of a span of history covering the 13th to the 20th century. Centre historique de Varsovie En août 1944, pendant le soulèvement de Varsovie, plus de 85 % du centre historique de la ville ont été détruits par les troupes nazies. Après la guerre, ses habitants ont entrepris une campagne de reconstruction sur cinq ans, avec pour résultat une restauration méticuleuse des églises, des palais, et de la place du marché de la vieille ville.
وسط وارسو التاريخي في آب أغسطس من العام 1944، وفي أثناء الانتفاضة في وارسو، دمّرت الفرق النازية أكثر من 85% من الوسط التاريخي للمدينة. Source: UNESCO/ERI 华沙历史中心 Исторический центр Варшавы. Cracow's Historic Centre. Historic Centre of Kraków The historic centre of Cracow, the former capital of Poland, is situated at the foot of the Royal Wawel Castle. The 13th-century merchants' town has Europe's largest market square and numerous historical houses, palaces and churches with their magnificent interiors.
Further evidence of the town's fascinating history is provided by the remnants of the 14th-century fortifications and the medieval site of Kazimierz with its ancient synagogues in the southern part of town, Jagellonian University and the Gothic cathedral where the kings of Poland were buried. Centre historique de Kraków Le passionnant centre historique de Cracovie, ancienne capitale de la Pologne, est situé au pied du château royal de Wawel. وسط كراكوفيا التاريخي يقع الوسط التاريخي المدهش في كراكوفي، التي كانت عاصمة بولندا سابقًا، عند أقدام قلعة واويل الملكية. Source: UNESCO/ERI 克拉科夫历史中心 克拉科夫历史名城，是波兰的前首都，坐落于华威尔皇家城堡的山脚下。 Исторический центр Кракова Centro histórico de Cracovia Historisch centrum van Krakau.
Churches of Peace in Jawor and Świdnica. Churches of Peace in Jawor and Świdnica The Churches of Peace in Jawor and Ś widnica, the largest timber-framed religious buildings in Europe, were built in the former Silesia in the mid-17th century, amid the religious strife that followed the Peace of Westphalia. Constrained by the physical and political conditions, the Churches of Peace bear testimony to the quest for religious freedom and are a rare expression of Lutheran ideology in an idiom generally associated with the Catholic Church. Églises de la Paix à Jawor et Świdnica Les églises de la Paix à Jawor et à Ś widnica, les plus grands bâtiments religieux à charpente de bois d'Europe, ont été construites dans l'ancienne Silésie, au milieu du XVIIe siècle, à l'époque du conflit religieux qui suivit la paix de Westphalie. كنائس السلام في جافور وسودنيكا بُنيت كنائس السلام في جافور وسويدنيكا، وهي أكبر المباني الدينية الخشبية الأوروبية، في سيليزيا القديمة في أوساط القرن السابع عشر في حقبة الصراع الديني الذي عقب السلام في ويستفاليا.
Centennial Hall in Wrocław. Centennial Hall in Wrocław The Centennial Hall, a landmark in the history of reinforced concrete architecture, was erected in 1911-1913 by the architect Max Berg as a multi-purpose recreational building, situated in the Exhibition Grounds. In form it is a symmetrical quatrefoil with a vast circular central space that can seat some 6,000 persons. The 23m-high dome is topped with a lantern in steel and glass. The Centennial Hall is a pioneering work of modern engineering and architecture, which exhibits an important interchange of influences in the early 20th century, becoming a key reference in the later development of reinforced concrete structures. Halle du Centenaire de Wroclaw La Halle du centenaire, un jalon de l’histoire de l’architecture en béton armé, a été construite entre 1911 et 1913 par l’architecte Max Berg.
قاعة المئة عام في روكلاو تعتبر قاعة المئة عام أساسيةً في تاريخ العمارة بالإسمنت المسلّح. Source: UNESCO/ERI 弗罗茨瓦夫百年厅 弗罗茨瓦夫的百年纪念会堂。 «Зал Столетия» во Вроцлаве ヴロツワフの百周年記念ホール. Castle of the Teutonic Order in Malbork. Castle of the Teutonic Order in Malbork This 13th-century fortified monastery belonging to the Teutonic Order was substantially enlarged and embellished after 1309, when the seat of the Grand Master moved here from Venice. A particularly fine example of a medieval brick castle, it later fell into decay, but was meticulously restored in the 19th and early 20th centuries.
Many of the conservation techniques now accepted as standard were evolved here. Following severe damage in the Second World War it was once again restored, using the detailed documentation prepared by earlier conservators. Château de l’ordre Teutonique de Malbork Ce monastère fortifié de l'ordre Teutonique datant du XIIIe siècle a été largement agrandi et embelli après 1309, quand le siège du grand maître de l'ordre a été transféré de Venise à Malbork. قصر مالبورك المبني وفقًا للنمط التوتوني source: UNESCO/ERI 马尔堡的条顿骑士团城堡 这个13世纪带有堡垒防御功能的修道院属于当时的条顿骑士团，当国王的居所于1309年从威尼斯移到这里后，这个城堡也得以扩建和重修。
Castillo de la Orden Teutónica en Malbork. Belovezhskaya Pushcha / Białowieża Forest. Belovezhskaya Pushcha / Białowieża Forest Situated on the watershed of the Baltic Sea and the Black Sea, this immense forest range, consisting of evergreens and broad-leaved trees, is home to some remarkable animal life, including rare mammals such as the wolf, the lynx and the otter, as well as some 300 European Bison, a species which has been reintroduced into the park. Fôret Belovezhskaya Pushcha / Białowieża Situé sur la ligne de partage des eaux entre la mer Baltique et la mer Noire, ce vaste massif de forêt ancienne, comprenant à la fois des conifères et des feuillus, abrite une faune remarquable et, en particulier, des mammifères rares tels que le loup, le lynx et la loutre, ainsi que quelque trois cents bisons d’Europe, espèce réintroduite dans le site.
غابة بيلوفيزهاسكايا بوشا/بيالوويزا source: UNESCO/ERI 别洛韦日自然保护区与比亚沃韦扎森林 这片广袤的森林位于波罗的海和黑海的分水岭，由常青树和阔叶林组成，是一些稀有动物的栖息地，其中包括狼、猞猁、水獭等珍稀哺乳动物。 Беловежская Пуща / Бяловежа Bosque de Belovezhskaya Pushcha / Białowieža Source: unesco.nl. Auschwitz Birkenau <br /><small>German Nazi Concentration and Extermination Camp (1940-1945)</small>
Auschwitz Birkenau German Nazi Concentration and Extermination Camp (1940-1945) The fortified walls, barbed wire, platforms, barracks, gallows, gas chambers and cremation ovens show the conditions within which the Nazi genocide took place in the former concentration and extermination camp of Auschwitz-Birkenau, the largest in the Third Reich. According to historical investigations, 1.5 million people, among them a great number of Jews, were systematically starved, tortured and murdered in this camp, the symbol of humanity's cruelty to its fellow human beings in the 20th century. Auschwitz BirkenauCamp allemand nazi de concentration et d'extermination (1940-1945) Les enceintes, les barbelés, les miradors, les baraquements, les potences, les chambres à gaz et les fours crématoires de l'ancien camp de concentration et d'extermination d'Auschwitz-Birkenau, le plus vaste du IIIe Reich, attestent les conditions dans lesquelles fonctionnait le génocide hitlérien.
Source: UNESCO/ERI. Medieval Town of Toruń. Medieval Town of Toruń Torun owes its origins to the Teutonic Order, which built a castle there in the mid-13th century as a base for the conquest and evangelization of Prussia. It soon developed a commercial role as part of the Hanseatic League. In the Old and New Town, the many imposing public and private buildings from the 14th and 15th centuries (among them the house of Copernicus) are striking evidence of Torun's importance. Ville médiévale de Toruń Torun doit ses origines à l'ordre Teutonique qui y a construit un château au milieu du XIIIe siècle, pour servir de base à la conquête et à l'évangélisation de la Prusse. مدينة تورون من القرون الوسطى تعود أصول تورون الى النمط التوتوني الذي بنى فيها قصرًا في أواسط القرن الثالث عشر ليكون منطلقًا للغزو ولتبشير بروسيا بالانجيل.
Source: UNESCO/ERI 中世纪古镇托伦 托伦城的雏型源于13世纪中期，当时，条顿骑士团在托伦修筑城堡，成为征服普鲁士和感化普鲁士的基地。 Средневековая часть города Торунь Ciudad medieval de Toruń Middeleeuwse stad Toruń Source: unesco.nl.