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The Aramaeans [ pronunciation? ] , also Arameans ( Greek : Ἀραμαῖοι ), were a Northwest Semitic semi- nomadic and pastoralist people who originated in what is now modern Syria (Biblical Aram ) during the Late Bronze Age and the Iron Age . Large groups migrated to Mesopotamia where they intermingled with the native Akkadian ( Assyrian and Babylonian ) population. The Aramaeans never had a unified nation; they were divided into small independent kingdoms across parts of the Near East , particularly in what is now modern Syria . After the Bronze Age collapse , their political influence was confined to a number of Syro-Hittite states , which were entirely absorbed into the Neo-Assyrian Empire by the 8th century BC.
Aramaeans - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
History of the Hittites - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Hittites were an ancient people who spoke an Indo-European language and established a kingdom centered in Hattusa (Hittite URU Ḫattuša ) in northern Anatolia from the 18th century BC . In the 14th century BC , the Hittite Kingdom was at its height, encompassing central Anatolia, south-western Syria as far as Ugarit , and upper Mesopotamia . After 1180 BC, amid general turmoil in the Levant associated with the sudden arrival of the Sea Peoples , the kingdom disintegrated into several independent " Neo-Hittite " city-states, some of which survived until as late as the 8th century BC. The history of the Hittite civilization is known mostly from cuneiform texts found in the area of their kingdom, and from diplomatic and commercial correspondence found in various archives in Egypt and the Middle East . Result of Hittites migration ca. 1900 BC.
The Bronze Age collapse is a transition in the Aegean Region , Southwestern Asia and the Eastern Mediterranean from the Late Bronze Age to the Early Iron Age that historians such as M. Liverani, S. Richard, Robert Drews, Frank J. Yurco, Amos Nur, Manuel Robbins, Leonard R. Palmer, and others believe was violent, sudden and culturally disruptive. The palace economy of the Aegean Region and Anatolia which characterised the Late Bronze Age were replaced, after a hiatus, by the isolated village cultures of the Greek Dark Ages .
Bronze Age collapse - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Etymologia nazw państw – Wikipedia, wolna encyklopedia
Abchazja , abchaz. Аҧсны ( Apsny ), gruz. აფხაზეთი (Apchazeti), ros. Абхазия (Abchazija) (państwo nieuznawane przez społeczność międzynarodową)
Assyriology (from Greek Ἀσσυρίᾱ , Assyriā ; and -λογία , -logia ) is the archaeological, historical, and linguistic study of ancient Mesopotamia (ancient Iraq ) and the related cultures that used cuneiform writing . The field covers the Akkadian sister-cultures of Assyria and Babylonia , together with their cultural predecessor; Sumer . The large number of cuneiform clay tablets preserved by these cultures provide an enormous resource for the study of the period. The region's (and the world's) first cities such as Ur are archaeologically invaluable for studying the growth of urbanization. Scholars need a good knowledge of several languages: Akkadian and its major dialects and Sumerian , aided by such languages as Biblical Hebrew , Hittite , Elamite and Aramaic for comparative purposes, and the knowledge of writing systems that use several hundred core signs.
Assyriology - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Aramaic language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Aramaic abjad , Syriac abjad , Hebrew abjad , Mandaic alphabet , Arabic Abjad (vernacular) with a handful of inscriptions found in Demotic [ 1 ] and Chinese [ 2 ] Aramaic is a group of languages belonging to the Afroasiatic language phylum . The name of the language is based on the name of Aram , [ 3 ] an ancient region in central Syria .
Akkadian ( lišānum akkadītum , 𒀝𒂵𒌈 ak.kADû) (also Accadian , Assyro-Babylonian [ 1 ] ) is an extinct Semitic language (part of the greater Afroasiatic language family) that was spoken in ancient Mesopotamia . The earliest attested Semitic language, it used the cuneiform writing system, which was originally used to write ancient Sumerian , an unrelated language isolate . The name of the language is derived from the city of Akkad , a major center of Semitic Mesopotamian civilization, during the Akkadian Empire (2334 - 2154 BC), although the language predates the founding of Akkad.
Akkadian language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Babylonia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Babylonia was an ancient cultural region in central-southern Mesopotamia (present-day Iraq ), with Babylon as its capital. Babylonia emerged as a major power when Hammurabi (1792- 1750 BC or fl. ca. 1696 – 1654 BC, short chronology ) created an empire out of the territories of the former Akkadian Empire . Babylonia retained the written Semitic Akkadian language for official use (the language of its native populace), despite its Amorite founders and Kassite successors not being native Akkadians. It retained the Sumerian language for religious use, which by the time Babylon was founded was no longer a spoken language. The Akkadian and Sumerian traditions played a major role in later Babylonian culture, and the region would remain an important cultural center, even under protracted and lengthy periods of outside rule. The earliest mention of the city of Babylon can be found in a tablet from the reign of Sargon of Akkad (2334- 2279 BC), dating back to the 23rd century BC.
Vedic period - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Map of northern India in the late Vedic period The Vedic period (or Vedic age ) was a period in history during which the Vedas , the oldest scriptures of Hinduism , were composed. The time span of the period is uncertain.
