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Behavioural genetics is the field of study that examines the role of genetics in animal (including human ) behaviour . Often associated with the " nature versus nurture " debate, behavioural genetics is highly interdisciplinary, involving contributions from biology , genetics , ethology , psychology , and statistics . Behavioural geneticists study the inheritance of behavioural traits. In humans, this information is often gathered through the use of the twin study or adoption study . In animal studies, breeding, transgenesis , and gene knockout techniques are common; psychiatric genetics is a closely related field. Galton in his later years
Behavioural genetics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Nazi twin study - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The methodology of twin study has been used for fraudulent purposes by many scientists. Two famous examples are the " Burt Affair " and Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer 's work at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics .
Mendelian inheritance - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Mendelian inheritance (or Mendelian genetics or Mendelism ) is a scientific theory of how hereditary characteristics are passed from parent organisms to their offspring; it underlies much of genetics . This theoretical framework was initially derived from the work of Gregor Johann Mendel published in 1865 and 1866 which was re-discovered in 1900; it was initially very controversial. When Mendel's theories were integrated with the chromosome theory of inheritance by Thomas Hunt Morgan in 1915, they became the core of classical genetics . [ edit ] History The laws of inheritance were derived by Gregor Mendel, a 19th-century Austrian priest -monk conducting hybridization experiments in garden peas ( Pisum sativum ). [ 1 ] Between 1856 and 1863, he cultivated and tested some 29,000 pea plants.
Eugenics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Eugenics is the " applied science or the bio- social movement which advocates the use of practices aimed at improving the genetic composition of a population ", usually referring to the manipulation of human populations. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] The origins of the concept of eugenics began with certain interpretations of Mendelian inheritance , and the theories of August Weismann . [ 4 ] Historically, many of the practitioners of eugenics viewed eugenics as a science, not necessarily restricted to human populations; this embraced the views of Darwinism and Social Darwinism .
Vasopressin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Arginine vasopressin ( AVP ), also known as vasopressin , argipressin or antidiuretic hormone ( ADH ), is a neurohypophysial hormone found in most mammals . Vasopressin is responsible for increasing water absorption in the collecting ducts of the kidney nephron. [ 1 ] Vasopressin increases water permeability of kidney collecting duct by inducing translocation of aquaporin-CD water channels in the kidney nephron collecting duct plasma membrane. [ 2 ] Vasopressin is a peptide hormone that controls the reabsorption of molecules in the tubules of the kidneys by affecting the tissue's permeability. It also increases peripheral vascular resistance , which in turn increases arterial blood pressure .
Ventral tegmental area - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The ventral tegmentum ( tegmentum is Latin for covering ), better known as the ventral tegmental area (VTA), is a group of neurons located close to the midline on the floor of the midbrain ( mesencephalon ). The VTA is the origin of the dopaminergic cell bodies of the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system and is widely implicated in the drug and natural reward circuitry of the brain. It is important in cognition , motivation , drug addiction , intense emotions relating to love, and several psychiatric disorders . The VTA contains neurons that project to numerous areas of the brain, from the prefrontal cortex (PFC) to the caudal brainstem and several regions in between.
A golden rectangle with longer side a and shorter side b , when placed adjacent to a square with sides of length a , will produce a similar golden rectangle with longer side a + b and shorter side a . This illustrates the relationship
Golden ratio - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
FOXP2 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Forkhead box protein P2 also known as FOXP2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FOXP2 gene , [ 1 ] located on human chromosome 7 (7q31, at the SPCH1 locus). [ 2 ] [ 3 ] FOXP2 orthologs [ 4 ] have also been identified in all mammals for which complete genome data are available. The FOXP2 protein contains a forkhead-box DNA-binding domain , making it a member of the FOX group of transcription factors , involved in regulation of gene expression . In addition to this characteristic forkhead-box domain, the protein contains a polyglutamine tract , a zinc finger and a leucine zipper .
The bootstrap paradox is a paradox of time travel in which information or objects can exist without having been created. After information or an object is sent back in time, it is recovered in the present and becomes the very object/information that was initially brought back in time in the first place. Numerous science fiction stories are based on this paradox, which has also been the subject of serious physics articles. [ 1 ]
Bootstrap paradox - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The K–T boundary is a geological signature , usually a thin band , dated to 65.5 ± 0.3 Ma (million years) ago. [ 1 ] K is the traditional abbreviation for the Cretaceous period , and T is the abbreviation for the Tertiary period. The boundary marks the end of the Mesozoic era and the beginning of the Cenozoic era, and is associated with the Cretaceous–Tertiary extinction event , a mass extinction . [ 2 ] With "Tertiary" being discouraged as a formal time or rock unit by the International Commission on Stratigraphy , the K–T extinction event is now called the Cretaceous– Paleogene (or K–Pg) event by many researchers. [ 3 ]
K–T boundary - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Science and religion began to go their separate ways in the Renaissance. The process continued when Galileo and Descartes started to ponder on the nature of the universe. To do so, they had to stray into the territory traditionally the exclusive domain of the church and, in Europe in the first half of the 17th century, the church was powerful indeed. Those who offended it too loudly or too fundamentally could burn in a hell that was very much on earth. So it was out of an instinct of self-preservation that Galileo divided the world into two. He said that there are primary qualities that are external and objective, such as temperature, wavelength, hardness and so on, and secondary qualities that are subjective, such as the sensations of heat, colour and pain.
PROOFS OF GOD IN A PHOTON - Arts & Entertainment - The Independent
Galaxy filament - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
In physical cosmology , galaxy filaments , also called supercluster complexes or great walls , are, so far, the largest known cosmic structures in the universe . They are massive, thread-like structures with a typical length of 50 to 80 megaparsecs h -1 that form the boundaries between large voids in the universe. [ 1 ] Filaments consist of gravitationally bound galaxies ; parts where a large number of galaxies are very close to each other are called superclusters . Discoveries of structures larger than superclusters started in the 1980s. In 1987 astronomer R.Ultimate fate of the universe - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The ultimate fate of the universe is a topic in physical cosmology . Many possible fates are predicted by rival scientific theories, including futures of both finite and infinite duration. Once the notion that the universe started with a rapid inflation nicknamed the Big Bang became accepted by the majority of scientists, [ 1 ] the ultimate fate of the universe became a valid cosmological question, one depending upon the physical properties of the mass/energy in the universe, its average density, and the rate of expansion. The theoretical scientific exploration of the ultimate fate of the universe became possible with Albert Einstein 's 1916 theory of general relativity .The multiverse (or meta-universe , metaverse ) is the hypothetical set of multiple possible universes (including the historical universe we consistently experience) that together comprise everything that exists and can exist: the entirety of space , time , matter , and energy as well as the physical laws and constants that describe them. The term was coined in 1895 by the American philosopher and psychologist William James . [ 1 ] The various universes within the multiverse are sometimes called parallel universes .
Multiverse - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Brane cosmology refers to several theories in particle physics and cosmology motivated by, but not exclusively derived from, superstring theory and M-theory . [ edit ] Brane and bulk The central idea is that the visible, four-dimensional universe is restricted to a brane inside a higher-dimensional space, called the "bulk". If the additional dimensions are compact , then the observed universe contains the extra dimensions, and then no reference to the bulk is appropriate.