Kreb's. This page offers an overview of important metabolic pathways identified in bacteria. It introduces the reader to different catabolic pathways of microbial carbohydrate degradation under aerobic and anaerobic (fermentative) conditions. It also briefly surveys the breakdown of other organic substrates, such as amino acids and fatty acid. Important metabolic pathways covered on this page are: 1. Embden-Meyerhof - or glycolytic pathway 2. Pentose phosphate pathway 3. . • Microorganisms are extremely versatile in their capacity to utilize a huge variety of energy sources and materials either to load electrons onto during catabolic reactions or to retrieve electrons in the case of anabolic reactions • Most microorganisms employ one of the following three major energy sources (or donors) to retrieve chemical energy and to run their metabolic activities: 1. 3.
Figure 1: Different types of energy metabolism 1. Figure 2: The steps and enzymes of the glycolytic pathway 2 ADP + P i 2 ATP 1. 2. 3 . Biochemical Medicine - Iodine in mitochondria and nuclei. The total iodine content of liver mitochondria obtained from hypothyroid rats was about 20% of that mitochondria from normal rats.
Injecting the hypothyroid rats with 5.2 mμg of and killing them 2 minutes later produced a liver mitochondrial iodine content that was 56% of normal. The iodine increment had a half-life of 10 minutes as measured by the iodine content of mitochondria from animals killed in 30 and 180 minutes. Skeletal muscle mitochondria and liver nuclei from hypothyroid rats contained 65% and 50% as much iodine, respectively, as those from normal rats, and injecting the animals with 5.2 mμg of up to 3 hours before sacrifice produced no significant changes, although the iodine in muscle mitochondria rose slightly. 2 minutes before sacrifice raised the total iodine, butanol-extractable iodine, and butanol-insoluble iodine 20-fold.
Effects of iodine upon the structure and function of mitochondria. The influence of iodine in its positive and negative monovalent form upon the oxygen consumption in euthyroid and thyroidectomized rats and the oxidative phosphorylation in liver mitochondria isolated from both groups of animals, as well as the spontaneous swelling and total ATPase activity of mitochondria have been studied.
It was established that the administration of ICI increased the oxygen consumption of normal and thyroidectomized rats while under the same conditions no effect was found with NaI. IBr stimulated the oxygen consumptionin vitro in liver mitochondria isolated both from normal and thyroidectomized rats and decreased the P/O ratio while NaI had no effect.
Iodine for Mitochondria. Cellular Respiration. From Food to ATP. Cell Respiration: Introduction. Cellular Respiration. Krebs cycle for dummies. The pH Equation & Health. pH Balance and the Mineral Connection There are complex biochemical processes taking place in the body constantly in an attempt to keep blood pH as near perfect as possible.
These are known as the pH buffering systems. These buffering systems need a good balance of minerals to work effectively. If we are getting inadequate mineral intake from the food we eat, we are going to start having problems with our pH balancing systems. And if our pH is unbalanced, what is the result? While We're on the Subject of Minerals.... Did you know that..... Minerals are as important as, if not more important than, vitamins. Supplementing a diet with sufficient chromium and vanadium can help prevent diabetes and has been seen to reverse diabetes in those already diabetic, as vanadium is reportedly able to replace insulin in some cases.
Copper deficiency is implicated in aneurysms (brain, aortic, etc.) Magnesium is quite possibly the most important mineral for the reduction of coronary heart disease. Gradients (ATP Synthases) Antioxidant Primer: Potential Health Benefits of Antioxidants and Pro-Oxidants. So much is said about antioxidants these days.
The public has been educated to believe antioxidants are generally beneficial when consumed in foods and dietary supplements. Antioxidants counter the effects of what are called free radicals, unstable species of oxygen, and to a lesser degree, nitrogen. These free radicals can damage tissues in the body. Yet, in recent years, a growing body of data points to certain health benefits from employing mega-dose antioxidants, such as vitamin C, curcumin and resveratrol, to actually generate free radicals to treat disease.
But before we get to these recent discoveries, maybe it is best to briefly background readers in the science of antioxidants. Oxygen free radicals The oxygen you breathe, the fat and iron/copper content of your meals, the frequency and calorie content of meals, and your age, to a large extent determine the amount of “rusting” going on in your body. Oxidation from the air we breathe DNA damage accumulates with advancing age.