Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt. The Fifteenth, Sixteenth and Seventeenth Dynasties of ancient Egypt are often combined under the group title, Second Intermediate Period. The Fifteenth Dynasty dates approximately from 1650 to 1550 BC.[1] Rulers[edit] Known rulers of the Fifteenth Dynasty are as follows:[1] The Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt was the first Hyksos dynasty, ruled from Avaris, without control of the entire land. The Hyksos preferred to stay in northern Egypt since they infiltrated from the north-east. Number of kings named Apepi[edit] Some scholars argue there were two Apophis kings named Apepi I and Apepi II, but this is primarily due to the fact there are two known prenomens for this king: Awoserre and Aqenenre. References[edit] Bibliography[edit] Kim Ryholt, The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period c.1800-1550 B.C. " by Museum Tuscalanum Press (ISBN 87-7289-421-0)
Hyksos. The Hyksos or Hycsos (/ˈhɪksɒs/ or /ˈhɪksoʊz/;[3] Egyptian heqa khaseshet, "ruler(s) of the foreign countries"; Greek Ὑκσώς, Ὑξώς) were an Asiatic people from West Asia who took over the eastern Nile Delta, ending the Thirteenth dynasty of Egypt and initiating the Second Intermediate Period.[4] Important Canaanite populations first appeared in Egypt towards the end of the 12th Dynasty c. 1800 BC, and either around that time or c. 1720 BC, formed an independent realm in the eastern Nile Delta.[5] The Canaanite rulers of the Delta, regrouped in the 14th Dynasty, coexisted with the Egyptian 13th Dynasty, based in Itjtawy.
The power of the 13th and 14th dynasties progressively waned, perhaps due to famine and plague,[5][6] and c. 1650 BC both were invaded by the Hyksos, who formed their own dynasty, the 15th Dynasty. Origins of the Hyksos[edit] There are various hypotheses as to the Hyksos' ethnic identity. Most archaeologists[who?] As to a Hyksos “conquest”, some archaeologists[who?] Salitis. Salitis was the first king of the Hyksos to rule Northern Egypt. He founded the Fifteenth dynasty of Egypt. His rule began around 1648 BC. The precise dates of his rule are unknown. Northern Egypt was controlled by Hyksos rulers throughout the Dynasty. The Hyksos were people of Semitic origin who were thought to have invaded Egypt through the Sinai Peninsula and settled in the Delta. Some scholars argue that the Hyksos were not invaders, but elements of the local Semitic population of Lower Egypt who assumed control of lower Egypt when the 13th dynasty of Egypt collapsed.
The Hyksos controlled all the Nile Delta and Northern Egypt.[1] Some scholars mention Salitis' name as "Sultan". Sakir-Har. The obscure Hyksos king, Sakir-Har, was discovered in an excavated doorjamb from Tell el-Dab'a of Ancient Egypt by Manfred Bietak in the 1990s; the doorjamb, now in Cairo (Cairo TD-8316) bears his partial titulary (Nebti and Golden Falcon names, as well as his nomen).[2] According to Kim Ryholt's 1997 book on the Second Intermediate Period, the doorjamb reads as, The doorjamb confirms the identity of Sakir-Har as one of the first three kings of the Hyksos Fifteenth dynasty of Egypt.
His immediate successor would have been the powerful Hyksos ruler, Khyan, if he was the third Hyksos king of this dynasty, but Sakir-Har's precise position within this dynasty has not yet been established. The name Sakir-Har translates as 'Reward of Har.'[5] References[edit] Jump up ^ Jürgen von Beckerath, Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen (= Münchner ägyptologische Studien, vol 46), Mainz am Rhein: Verlag Philipp von Zabern, 1999. Bibliography[edit] I. Khyan. "Khian" redirects here. For village in Eastern Anatolia, see Salkımlı, Kulp. Seuserenre Khyan, Khian or Khayan was a king of the Hyksos Fifteenth dynasty of Egypt. His royal name Seuserenre translates as "The one whom Re has caused to be strong. "[1] Khyan bears the titles of an Egyptian king, but also the title ruler of the foreign land (heqa-khaset). The later title is the typical designation of the Hyksos rulers.
Khyan is one of the better attested king's from the Hyksos period, known from many seals and seal impressions. The remains of a palace were recently excavated at Avaris. Khyan's position in the Hyksos dynasty[edit] Scarab of Khyan[3] Khyan is identified with king Iannas in the works of Josephus whose knowledge of the Hyksos Pharaohs was derived from a history of Egypt written by Manetho.
The early position of Khyan within the 15th dynasty may be confirmed by new archaeological finds at Edfu. A stela of Khyan mentioning a king's son' was also discovered at Avaris. Apepi (pharaoh) Dagger with the names Neb-Khepesh-Re Apepi. While he may have exerted suzerainty over Upper Egypt during the beginning of his reign, the seventeenth dynasty eventually assumed control over this region, and the Hyksos were driven out of Egypt no more than fifteen years after his death.[4] Rather than building his own monuments, Apepi generally usurped the monuments of previous pharaohs by inscribing his own name over two sphinxes of Amenemhat II.[11] Apepi is thought to have usurped the throne of northern Egypt after the death of his predecessor, Khyan, since the latter had designated his son, Yanassi, to be his successor on the throne as a foreign ruler.[12] He was succeeded by Khamudi, the last Hyksos ruler.
Ahmose I, who drove out the Hyksos kings from Egypt, established the 18th Dynasty.[11] There is some discussion in Egyptology concerning whether Apepi also ruled Upper Egypt. There are indeed several objects with the king's name most likely coming from Thebes and Upper Egypt. Khamudi.