Carl Munck - The Code. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms - A detailed ray-tracing simulation of the high resolution microbeam at the AIFIRA facility. 1.
Introduction 2. Beam lines 3. Magnetic field models 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Acknowledgements References Abstract The AIFIRA (Applications Interdisciplinaires des Faisceaux d’Ions en Région Aquitaine) ion beam facility at the CENBG (Centre d’Etudes Nucléaires de Bordeaux-Gradignan) is being equipped with a high demagnification focused microbeam line. We present the complete beam transport simulation along the chosen configuration for the nanobeam line, which consists of a long working distance doublet–triplet of Oxford Microbeam Ltd. Copyright © 2007 Elsevier B.V. Critical opalescence. In 1908 the Polish physicist Marian Smoluchowski became the first to ascribe the phenomenon of critical opalescence to large density fluctuations.
In 1910 Albert Einstein showed that the link between critical opalescence and Rayleigh scattering is quantitative [1]. More-detailed experimental demonstrations of critical opalescence may be found at. Cyclohexane conformation. A cyclohexane molecule in chair conformation.
Hydrogen atoms in axial positions are shown in red, while those in equatorial positions are in blue. A cyclohexane conformation is any of several three-dimensional shapes that a cyclohexane molecule can assume while maintaining the integrity of its chemical bonds. The internal angles of a flat regular hexagon are 120°, while the preferred angle between successive bonds in a carbon chain is about 109.5°, the tetrahedral angle. Therefore the cyclohexane ring tends to assume certain non-planar (warped) conformations, which have all angles closer to 109.5° and therefore a lower strain energy than the flat hexagonal shape.
The most important shapes are called chair, half-chair, boat, and twist-boat.[1] The molecule can easily switch between these conformations, and only two of them — chair and twist-boat — can be isolated in pure form. Historical background[edit] General[edit] Chair conformation[edit] Boat conformation[edit] Forced conformations[edit] Magnetic sail. History[edit] The magnetic sail was invented by Dana Andrews and Robert Zubrin working in collaboration in 1988.
At that time, Andrews was working on a concept to use a magnetic scoop to gather ions to provide propellant for a nuclear electric ion drive spacecraft, allowing the craft to operate in the same manner of a Bussard ramscoop, but without the need for a proton-proton fusion propulsion drive. He asked Zubrin to help him compute the drag that the magnetic scoop would create against the interplanetary medium. Zubrin agreed, but found that the drag created by the scoop would be much greater than the thrust created by the ion drive. He therefore proposed that the ion drive component of the system be dropped, and the device simply used as a sail.
Principles of operation and design[edit] In typical magnetic sail designs, the magnetic field is generated by a loop of superconducting wire. Solar wind example[edit] Mini-magnetospheric plasma propulsion[edit] Modes of operation[edit] Bizarre Websites On Which You Can Kill Time With Style - Smashing Magazine. Modern Web-building technologies allow designers to realize their most daring and creative ideas.
Enhanced interactivity and a remarkable visual appearance can be achieved by means of such tools as Flash, JavaScript and Papervision3D, to name just a few. These strengths usually impress and entertain visitors and thus are often used for conceptual artistic presentations and promotional campaigns. In this post, you’ll find a collection of amusing websites that, by combining unconventional (and sometimes bizarre) ideas and clever JavaScript and Flash effects, will entice you to play on them for an embarrassing long time.
Bizarre and Beautiful Websites Link Record Tripping1 Record Tripping is a nifty experimental game by Bell Brothers. Sound of Hamburg3 Here is one of the most creative and unconventional Flash websites we’ve seen lately. Echogenesis5 Echogenesis is another interactive brainchild of Bell Brothers. Bubole19 Bubole will definitely make you smile. Why Do You Stay Up So Late? (al) Rural Development, Business and Cooperative Programs. Rural Business Loans.