Claude Henri de Rouvroy, comte de Saint-Simon. In opposition to the feudal and military system, he advocated a form of state[dubious ]-technocratic socialism, an arrangement where industrialists would lead society and found a national community based on cooperation and technological progress, which would be capable of eliminating poverty of the lower classes. In place of the church, he felt the direction of society should fall to the men of science. Men who are fitted to organize society for productive labour are entitled to rule it.[2] Biography[edit] Early years[edit] Henri de Saint-Simon was born in Paris as a French aristocrat. He belonged to a younger branch of the family of the duc de Saint-Simon. From his youth, Saint-Simon was highly ambitious. At the beginning of the French Revolution in 1789, Saint-Simon quickly endorsed the revolutionary ideals of liberty, equality and fraternity.
Career[edit] Henri de Saint-Simon, portrait from the first quarter of the 19th century Death and legacy[edit] Ideas[edit] Politics[edit] Works[edit] Saint-Simonianism. Claude Henri de Rouvroy, comte de Saint-Simon Saint-Simonianism was a French political and social movement of the first half of the 19th century, inspired by the ideas of Claude Henri de Rouvroy, comte de Saint-Simon (1760–1825). Saint-Simon has been "variously portrayed as a utopian socialist, the founder of sociology and a prescient madman".[1] His ideas, expressed largely through a succession of journals such as l'Industrie (1816), La politique (1818) and L'Organisateur (1819–20)[2] centered on a perception that growth in industrialization and scientific discovery would have profound changes on society. Saint-Simon's writings[edit] For his last decade Saint-Simon concentrated on themes of political economy.
In his last work however, Le Nouveau Christianisme (The New Christianity) (1825), Saint-Simon reverted to more traditional ideas of renewing society through Christian brotherly love. The arts[edit] The movement after Saint-Simon's death[edit] People associated with the movement[edit] Barthélemy Prosper Enfantin. Barthélemy Prosper Enfantin (1796-1864) Barthélemy Prosper Enfantin (February 8, 1796 – September 1, 1864) was a French social reformer, one of the founders of Saint-Simonianism.
He was also a proponent of a Suez canal. Early life[edit] Enfantin was born in Paris, the son of a banker of Dauphiné. After receiving his early education at a lyceum, he was sent in 1813 to the École polytechnique. In March 1814 he was one of the band of students who, on the heights of Montmartre and Saint-Chaumont, attempted resistance to the armies of the Sixth Coalition which had engaged in the invasion of Paris.
Initially, he began working for a country wine merchant, travelling to Germany, Russia and the United Kingdom of the Netherlands. In 1825 a new turn was given to his thoughts and his life by the friendship which he formed with Olinde Rodriguez, who introduced him to the Comte de Saint-Simon. Preaching and politics[edit] Bazard and his disciples broke with Enfantin's group. Success and repression[edit] Olinde Rodrigues. Olinde Rodrigues Benjamin Olinde Rodrigues (1795–1851), more commonly known as Olinde Rodrigues, was a French banker, mathematician, and social reformer. Rodrigues was born into a well-to-do Sephardi Jewish family[1] in Bordeaux.
Rodrigues was awarded a doctorate in mathematics on 28 June 1815 by the University of Paris.[2] His dissertation contains the result now called Rodrigues' formula.[3] After graduation, Rodrigues became a banker. In 1840 he published a result on transformation groups,[4] which applied Leonhard Euler's four squares formula, a precursor to the quaternions of William Rowan Hamilton, to the problem of representing rotations in space.[5] However, during his own times, his work on mathematics was largely ignored, and he has only been rediscovered late in the twentieth century.
Rodrigues is remembered for three results: Rodrigues' rotation formula for vectors; and the Rodrigues formula about series of orthogonal polynomials; and the Euler–Rodrigues parameters. Notes[edit] Auguste Comte. Isidore Auguste Marie François Xavier Comte (19 January 1798 – 5 September 1857), better known as Auguste Comte (French: [oɡyst kɔ̃t]), was a French philosopher.
He was a founder of the discipline of sociology and of the doctrine of positivism. He is sometimes regarded as the first philosopher of science in the modern sense of the term.[2] Influenced by the utopian socialist Henri Saint-Simon, Comte developed the positive philosophy in an attempt to remedy the social malaise of the French Revolution, calling for a new social doctrine based on the sciences. Comte was a major influence on 19th-century thought, influencing the work of social thinkers such as Karl Marx, John Stuart Mill, and George Eliot.[3] His concept of sociologie and social evolutionism set the tone for early social theorists and anthropologists such as Harriet Martineau and Herbert Spencer, evolving into modern academic sociology presented by Émile Durkheim as practical and objective social research. Life[edit] Positivism. Positivism is the philosophy of science that information derived from logical and mathematical treatments and reports of sensory experience is the exclusive source of all authoritative knowledge,[1] and that there is valid knowledge (truth) only in this derived knowledge.[2] Verified data received from the senses are known as empirical evidence.[1] Positivism holds that society, like the physical world, operates according to general laws.
Introspective and intuitive knowledge is rejected, as is metaphysics and theology. Although the positivist approach has been a recurrent theme in the history of western thought,[3] the modern sense of the approach was developed by the philosopher Auguste Comte in the early 19th century.[4] Comte argued that, much as the physical world operates according to gravity and other absolute laws, so does society.[5] Etymology[edit] Overview[edit] Antecedents[edit] Auguste Comte[edit] Antipositivism[edit] Main article: antipositivism In historiography[edit] Edward Spencer Beesly. Edward Spencer Beesly (1831–1915) was an English positivist and historian. Life[edit] He was born on 23 January 1831 in Feckenham, Worcestershire, the eldest son of the Rev. James Beesly and his wife, Emily Fitzgerald, of Queen's county, Ireland. After reading Latin and Greek with his father, in the autumn of 1846 he was sent to King William's College on the Isle of Man, an evangelical establishment whose inadequate instruction and low moral tone were later depicted in Eric, or, Little by Little, by his school friend F.
W. Farrar. In 1849 Beesly entered Wadham College, Oxford, another evangelical stronghold. Beesly received his BA in 1854 and proceeded MA in 1857. Foreign affairs were always a passion of Beesly's. Beesly's later publications included seventy-four biographical entries on military and political figures for the positivists' New Calendar of Great Men, and Queen Elizabeth, both of which appeared in 1892.
Friends[edit] Beesly's friend Karl Marx Letter from Marx[edit] Attribution. Herbert Spencer. Herbert Spencer (27 April 1820 – 8 December 1903) was an English philosopher, biologist, anthropologist, sociologist, and prominent classical liberal political theorist of the Victorian era. Spencer developed an all-embracing conception of evolution as the progressive development of the physical world, biological organisms, the human mind, and human culture and societies. He was "an enthusiastic exponent of evolution" and even "wrote about evolution before Darwin did.
"[1] As a polymath, he contributed to a wide range of subjects, including ethics, religion, anthropology, economics, political theory, philosophy, literature, biology, sociology, and psychology. During his lifetime he achieved tremendous authority, mainly in English-speaking academia. "The only other English philosopher to have achieved anything like such widespread popularity was Bertrand Russell, and that was in the 20th century. Life[edit] Herbert Spencer Synthetic philosophy[edit] Evolution[edit]
Lamarckism. Lamarckism (or Lamarckian inheritance) is the idea that an organism can pass on characteristics that it acquired during its lifetime to its offspring (also known as heritability of acquired characteristics or soft inheritance). It is named after the French biologist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744–1829), who incorporated the action of soft inheritance into his evolutionary theories as a supplement to his concept of an inherent progressive tendency driving organisms continuously towards greater complexity, in parallel but separate lineages with no extinction. Lamarck did not originate the idea of soft inheritance, which proposes that individual efforts during the lifetime of the organisms were the main mechanism driving species to adaptation, as they supposedly would acquire adaptive changes and pass them on to offspring.
History[edit] 1880 to 1930[edit] After 1930[edit] Since 1988 certain scientists have produced work proposing that Lamarckism could apply to single celled organisms. Anarcho-capitalism. There is no alternative. According to TINA, economic liberalism is the only valid remaining ideology. However, many alternative proposals have been made; for example, the alternative proposed by Michael Shuman is known as local ownership import substituting (LOIS).[1] The phrase may be traced to its emphatic use by the nineteenth-century classical liberal thinker Herbert Spencer.[2] Cabinet minister Norman St John-Stevas, one of the leading "wets", nicknamed Thatcher "Tina".
In the early 1990s, Francis Fukuyama wrote a book called The End of History and the Last Man, which in a similar vein argued that liberal democracy had triumphed over communism and that the historic struggle between political systems was over (although there could still be future events). See also[edit] References[edit] Jump up ^ Shuman, M. External links[edit] Antipositivism. Antipositivism (also known as interpretivism or negativism) is the belief in social science that the social realm may not be subject to the same methods of investigation as the natural world; that academics must reject[need quotation to verify] empiricism[dubious ] and the scientific method in the conduct of social research. Antipositivists hold that researchers should focus on understanding the interpretations that social actions have for the people being studied.[1][need quotation to verify] Concept[edit] In the early 19th century various intellectuals, perhaps most notably the Hegelians, began to question the prospect of empirical social analysis.
Karl Marx died before the establishment of formal social science but nonetheless fiercely rejected Comtean sociological positivism—despite himself attempting to establish a historical materialist "science of society".[2] Frankfurt School[edit] See also[edit] References[edit] Jump up ^ Gerber, John J. Max Weber. Karl Emil Maximilian "Max" Weber (German: [ˈmaks ˈveːbɐ]; 21 April 1864 – 14 June 1920) was a German sociologist, philosopher, and political economist whose ideas influenced social theory, social research, and the entire discipline of sociology.[3] Weber is often cited, with Émile Durkheim and Karl Marx, as among the three founding creators of sociology.[4][5][6] Weber also made a variety of other contributions in economic history, as well as economic theory and methodology.
Weber's analysis of modernity and rationalisation significantly influenced the critical theory associated with the Frankfurt School. After the First World War, Max Weber was among the founders of the liberal German Democratic Party. He also ran unsuccessfully for a seat in parliament and served as advisor to the committee that drafted the ill-fated democratic Weimar Constitution of 1919. After contracting the Spanish flu, he died of pneumonia in 1920, aged 56.[4] Biography[edit] Early life and family background[edit] Amand Bazard. Saint-Amand Bazard (1791 – 29 July 1832) was a French socialist, the founder of a secret society in France corresponding to the Carbonari of Italy. Biography[edit] This train of thinking naturally drew him towards the socialist philosophers of the school of Saint-Simon, whom he joined, he contributed to their journal, Le Producteur; and in 1828 began to give public lectures on the principles of the school.
His opposition to the emancipation of women brought about a quarrel with Enfantin in 1831, and Bazard found himself almost deserted by the members of the society. He attacked Enfantin violently, and, in a heated argument among them, he was struck down by apoplexy. Notes[edit] References[edit] This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911).