Isotopy (semiotics) The concept was highly influential and has been revisited and redefined by multiple authors, starting from Greimas, to his epigons of the Paris school, Umberto Eco,[5] the Groupe µ, and others. Greimas initial definition was based on the concept of repetition (also termed recurrence or redundancy), was focused on semantics as it only regarded the repetition semes, and it stressed the role of isotopy of making possible a uniform reading of a story and resolving ambiguities. To quote his first 1966 formulation: "a redundant set of semantic categories which make possible the uniform reading of the story. "[6][7][8] In 1980 Umberto Eco showed a flaw of using the concept of "repetition". Catherine Kerbrat-Orecchioni systematically extended the concept of isotopy to denote the repetition of any semiotic unit. A semantic isotopy, the narrower and most common type of isotopy, the one of Greimas's original definition, is the recurrence of semes.
Sememe. A sememe (from the Greek: σημαίνω, sēmaino, "mean, signify") is a semantic language unit of meaning, correlative to a morpheme. The concept is relevant in structural semiotics. Denotational 1: Primary denotation, for example "head" (body);Denotational 2: Secondary denotation by resemblance with other denotation: "head" (ship);Connotational 1: High position, as the role or function of "head" in the operation of the human body;Connotational 2: Emotive, e.g., meaning in "honey";Connotational 3: Evaluative, e.g., meaning in "sneak" – move silently and secretly for a bad purpose See also[edit] Notes[edit] Bibliography[edit] Bazell, Charles Ernest (1954).
Paradigmatic analysis. Definition of terms[edit] Jakobson and Ritchie[edit] Roman Jakobson introduced a theory to explain the function of spoken language in human communication. This model has two levels of description: the various component elements forming language, andwhat humans do with the language when they use it. Applied to music[edit] Paradigmatic analysis assumes that Roman Jakobson's description of the poetic system (1960, p. 358) applies to music and that in both a "projection of the principle of equivalence from the axis of selection on to the axis of combination" occurs.
Notes[edit] References[edit] Syntagma (linguistics) At the lexical level, syntagmatic structure in a language is the combination of words according to the rules of syntax for that language. For example English uses determiner + adjective + noun, e.g. the big house. Another language might use determiner + noun + adjective (Spanish la casa grande) and therefore have a different syntagmatic structure. At a higher level, narrative structures feature a realistic temporal flow guided by tension and relaxation; thus, for example, events or rhetorical figures may be treated as syntagmas of epic structures. Middleton, Richard (1990/2002). Studying Popular Music. Philadelphia: Open University Press.
Syntagmatic analysis. Syntagmatic means one element selects the other element either to precede it or to follow it. For example, the definitive article "the" selects a noun and not a verb. Paradigm. In science and philosophy, a paradigm /ˈpærədaɪm/ is a distinct set of concepts or thought patterns, including theories, research methods, postulates, and standards for what constitutes legitimate contributions to a field. Etymology[edit] Paradigm comes from Greek παράδειγμα (paradeigma), "pattern, example, sample"[1] from the verb παραδείκνυμι (paradeiknumi), "exhibit, represent, expose"[2] and that from παρά (para), "beside, beyond"[3] and δείκνυμι (deiknumi), "to show, to point out".[4] In rhetoric, paradeigma is known as a type of proof.
The purpose of paradeigma is to provide an audience with an illustration of similar occurrences. This illustration is not meant to take the audience to a conclusion, however it is used to help guide them there. A personal accountant is a good comparison of paradeigma to explain how it is meant to guide the audience. Scientific paradigm[edit] An example of a currently accepted paradigm would be the standard model of physics. Paradigm shifts[edit] Indexicality. In linguistics and in philosophy of language, an indexical behavior or utterance points to (or indicates) some state of affairs. For example, I refers to whoever is speaking; now refers to the time at which that word is uttered; and here refers to the place of utterance. For Charles Sanders Peirce, indexicality is one of three sign modalities (see further down), and is a phenomenon far broader than language; that which, independently of interpretation, points to something — such as smoke (an index of fire) or a pointing finger — works indexically for interpretation.
Social indexicality in the human realm has been regarded as including any sign (clothing, speech variety, table manners) that points to, and helps create, social identity. Pragmatics and indexicality[edit] Indexicality is often treated as part of the study of language called pragmatics – in contrast to such fields as phonology, syntax, and semantics – in that it concerns the use and effects of language.
"A cat is on a mat. " Iconography. Iconography is the branch of art history which studies the identification, description, and the interpretation of the content of images: the subjects depicted, the particular compositions and details used to do so, and other elements that are distinct from artistic style. The word iconography comes from the Greek εἰκών ("image") and γράφειν ("to write"). A secondary meaning (based on a non-standard translation of the Greek and Russian equivalent terms) is the production of religious images, called icons, in the Byzantine and Orthodox Christian tradition; that is covered at Icon.
In art history, "an iconography" may also mean a particular depiction of a subject in terms of the content of the image, such as the number of figures used, their placing and gestures. The term is also used in many academic fields other than art history, for example semiotics and media studies, and in general usage, for the content of images, the typical depiction in images of a subject, and related senses.
POLYSEMY AND SYNONYMY. REDUNDANCY AND NOISE. Signifier and Signified. Referent.