Maps (Lecture 14) Charles Joseph Minard. Charles Joseph Minard (French: [minaʁ]; 27 March 1781 – 24 October 1870 in Bordeaux) was a French civil engineer noted for his inventions in the field of information graphics. Biography[edit] Minard was born in Dijon and studied science and mathematics at the École Polytechnique, then civil engineering at École nationale des ponts et chaussées. Work[edit] Charles Minard's flow map of Napoleon's March Minard's map using pie charts to represent the cattle sent from all around France for consumption in Paris (1858).
Information graphics[edit] The graph displays several variables in a single two-dimensional image: Étienne-Jules Marey first called notice to this dramatic depiction of the fate of Napoleon's army in the Russian campaign, saying it "defies the pen of the historian in its brutal eloquence"[citation needed]. Howard Wainer identified Minard's map as a "gem" of information graphics, nominating it as the "World's Champion Graph".[3] Arthur H. See also[edit] References[edit] New ET Writings, Artworks & News. Books Probably Used by Minard on Napoleon in Russia Thiers. It looks like Chiers but is actually Thiers. He is Marie-Louis-Joseph-Adolphe Thiers (1797-1877), historian, lawyer, journalist, head of the French government for about a year, 1870-71. Minard most likely refers to: Thiers' 20-volume Histoire du Consulat et de l'Empire (c. 1862). Ségur. Fezensac. Chambray. Jacob. From Dawn Finley, 7 August 2002 Adolphe Thiers (1797-1877) Marie-Louis-Joseph-Adolphe Thiers is something of a grand homme.
France's government continually endured upheaval and revolution throughout the nineteenth century; after Napoleon's fall, the country really fell to pieces. Minard would most likely have consulted Thier's Histoire du Consulat et de l'Empire (c. 1862), which sealed his reputation as the country's historian. The History is impressive and intimidating as is the portrait of Thiers himself which appears on several websites about him. Count Philippe-Paul de Ségur (1753-1830) Pierre-Irénée Jacob (1782-1855) César-François Cassini de Thury. César-François Cassini de Thury (17 June 1714 – 4 September 1784), also called Cassini III or Cassini de Thury, was a French astronomer and cartographer. Biography[edit] Cassini de Thury was born in Thury-sous-Clermont (Oise), the second son of Jacques Cassini and Suzanne Françoise Charpentier de Charmois.
He was a grandson of Giovanni Domenico Cassini, and would become the father of Jean-Dominique Cassini, Comte de Cassini. In 1735, he became a member of the French Academy of Sciences as a supernumerary adjunct astronomer, in 1741 as an adjunct astronomer, and in 1745 as a full member astronomer. In January, 1751 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society.[1] He succeeded to his father’s official position in 1756 and continued the hereditary surveying operations. The post of director of the Paris observatory was created for his benefit in 1771 when the establishment ceased to be a dependency of the French Academy of Sciences. See also[edit] Cassini projection References[edit]
Historic map data, Burgundy, France. Several enlargements of the 1695 map, showing the Arroux river, towns, forests, roads, and structures. The walled town of Issey L'Eveque at left still remains intact, and Mt. Dardon is just above it and to the right. Each structure icon has a specific meaning, as show in the Cassini map below. 1759 Cassini Maps Statue of Cassini 1 at the Louvre Courtyard in Paris We are very fortunate to have available to us two superbly accurate reproductions of maps of the region that were produced in 1759. The famous Cassini triangulation surveys of France were conducted by four generations of the Cassini family in the late 1600's to mid 1700's.
In 1672 Jean Dominique Cassini, (Cassini I) Royal Astronomer of the Paris Observatory, began to consider new ways to produce more accurate maps through triangulation, similar to the techniques used by astronomers to measure the size of the planets and the Sun. Source used on measurements: "How Many? 1759 Cassini Map of the Mt. Burgundy, Willem J. Jodocus Hondius. Jodocus Hondius on an engraving of the year 1619 Jodocus Hondius (Latinized version of his Dutch name: Joost de Hondt) (14 October 1563 – 12 February 1612), sometimes called Jodocus Hondius the Elder to distinguish him from his son Jodocus Hondius II, was a Flemish / Dutch engraver, and cartographer.
He is best known for his early maps of the New World and Europe, for re-establishing the reputation of the work of Gerard Mercator, and for his portraits of Francis Drake. He helped establish Amsterdam as the center of cartography in Europe in the 17th century. Biography[edit] Hondius was born in Wakken and grew up in Ghent. Hondius map of bay of New Albion While in England, Hondius was instrumental in publicizing the work of Francis Drake, who had made a circumnavigation of the world in the late 1570s. In 1593 he moved to Amsterdam, where he remained until the end of his life.
In the French edition of the Atlas Minor we find one of the first instances of a thematic map using map symbols. Gemma Frisius. Gemma Frisius (born Jemme Reinerszoon)[1] (December 9, 1508 – May 25, 1555), was a physician, mathematician, cartographer, philosopher, and instrument maker. He created important globes, improved the mathematical instruments of his day and applied mathematics in new ways to surveying and navigation. Biography[edit] Frisius died in Leuven at the age of 46. According to an account by his son, Cornelius, Gemma died from kidney stones, which he had suffered from for a minimum of 7 years.[3] Works[edit] Gemma Frisius's 1533 diagram introducing the idea of triangulation into the science of surveying.
Cosmographia (1529) von Petrus Apianus, annotated by Gemma FrisiusDe principiis astronomiae et cosmographiae (1530)De usu globi (1530)Libellus de locorum describendorum ratione (1533)Arithmeticae practicae methodus facilis (1540)De annuli astronomici usu[4] (1540)De radio astronomico et geometrico (1545)De astrolabio catholico (1556)Frontispiece of Arithmeticae practicae methodus facilis Notes[edit] Imago Mundi: International Journal for the History of Cartography. Untitled. Map projection. More generally, the surfaces of planetary bodies can be mapped even if they are too irregular to be modeled well with a sphere or ellipsoid; see below. Even more generally, projections are the subject of several pure mathematical fields, including differential geometry and projective geometry. However "map projection" refers specifically to a cartographic projection.
Background[edit] Maps can be more useful than globes in many situations: they are more compact and easier to store; they readily accommodate an enormous range of scales; they are viewed easily on computer displays; they can facilitate measuring properties of the terrain being mapped; they can show larger portions of the Earth's surface at once; and they are cheaper to produce and transport. These useful traits of maps motivate the development of map projections. However, Carl Friedrich Gauss's Theorema Egregium proved that a sphere's surface cannot be represented on a plane without distortion. Metric properties of maps[edit] Ptolemy. Background[edit] Engraving of a crowned Ptolemy being guided by the muse Astronomy, from Margarita Philosophica by Gregor Reisch, 1508.
Although Abu Ma'shar believed Ptolemy to be one of the Ptolemies who ruled Egypt after the conquest of Alexander the title ‘King Ptolemy’ is generally viewed as a mark of respect for Ptolemy's elevated standing in science. Perhaps for no other reason than the association of name, the 9th-century Persian astronomer Abu Ma'shar assumed Ptolemy to be a member of Egypt's royal lineage, stating that the ten kings of Egypt who followed Alexander were wise "and included Ptolemy the Wise, who composed the book of the Almagest". Abu Ma'shar recorded a belief that a different member of this royal line "composed the book on astrology and attributed it to Ptolemy".
Astronomy[edit] The Almagest is the only surviving comprehensive ancient treatise on astronomy. Geography[edit] Geography by Ptolemy, Latin manuscript of the early 15th century Astrology[edit] Heart of Darkness. The story is a complex exploration of the beliefs people hold on what constitutes a barbarian versus a civilized society and the stance on colonialism and racism that was part and parcel of European imperialism. Originally published as a three-part serial story, in Blackwood's Magazine, the novella Heart of Darkness has been variously published and translated into many languages. In 1998, the Modern Library ranked Heart of Darkness as the sixty-seventh of the hundred best novels in English of the twentieth century.[1] Composition and publication[edit] Joseph Conrad based Heart of Darkness on his own experiences in the Congo.
Joseph Conrad acknowledged that Heart of Darkness was in part based on his own experiences during his travels in Africa. There have been many proposed sources for the character of the antagonist, Kurtz. On May 31, 1902, in a letter to William Blackwood, Conrad remarked; Plot summary[edit] Old Belgian river station on the Congo River, 1889 Reception[edit] The power of maps. The Rise of Literacy (Lecture 13) Information literacy. The United States National Forum on Information Literacy defines information literacy as " ... the ability to know when there is a need for information, to be able to identify, locate, evaluate, and effectively use that information for the issue or problem at hand.
"[1][2] Other definitions incorporate aspects of "skepticism, judgement, free thinking, questioning, and understanding.. A number of efforts have been made to better define the concept and its relationship to other skills and forms of literacy. History of the concept[edit] The phrase information literacy first appeared in print in a 1974 report by Paul G. The Presidential Committee on Information Literacy released a report on January 10, 1989, outlining the importance of information literacy, opportunities to develop information literacy, and an Information Age School.
The Alexandria Proclamation linked Information literacy with lifelong learning. On May 28, 2009, U.S. Presidential Committee on Information Literacy[edit] Cultural literacy. Examples of Cultural Literacy[edit] For example, British author G. K. Chesterton writes, "Complete self-confidence is a weakness... the man who has [self-confidence] has ‘Hanwell’ written on his face as plain as it is written on that omnibus. ".[2] This statement, especially the latter half, might be opaque to an American who does not know that "omnibus" is a less common, British word for "bus" or that "Hanwell" is the name of an insane asylum.
Causes Cultural Literacy[edit] Children of a given culture typically become culturally literate there via the process of enculturation. Enculturation seems to occur naturally, being intertwined with education, play, family relationships, friendships, etc. Literacy of a given culture seems to arise over time with consistent exposure to and participation in that culture, especially certain key cultural strongholds, like business, story, arts, education, history, religion, and family.
Consequences of Cultural Literacy[edit] See also[edit] E. Richard Carlile. Richard Carlile (8 December 1790 – 10 February 1843) was an important agitator for the establishment of universal suffrage and freedom of the press in the United Kingdom.[1] Early life[edit] He was born in Ashburton, Devon, the son of a shoemaker who abandoned the family in 1794 leaving Richard's mother struggling to support her three children on the income from running a small shop.
At the age of six he went for free education to the local Church of England school, then at the age of twelve he left school for a seven-year apprenticeship to a tinsmith in Plymouth. Personal life[edit] In 1813 he married, and shortly afterwards the couple moved to Holborn Hill in London where he found work as a tinsmith. Jane Carlile gave birth to five children, three of whom survived. Some time after 1829, Carlile met Eliza Sharples and she became his common law wife. Politics and publishing[edit] Peterloo and The Republican[edit] The Devil's Chaplain[edit] Jailed again[edit] References[edit] External links[edit] Political Register. Title page of Political Register, January 19, 1828 (British Library, London) The Political Register was a weekly newspaper founded by William Cobbett in 1802 and ceased publication in 1835, the year of his death.
Originally propounding Tory views, and costing a shilling, Cobbett changed his editorial line to embrace radicalism, such as advocating widening the suffrage. It had a large circulation for that time of 6,000 copies.[1] The government was alarmed by its radicalism and tried to prevent mass circulation by adding stamp duty on all newspapers putting them out of reach of all but the wealthiest. From November 1816 Cobbett also published the Register in a cheap 2d. pamphlet, which kept political comment but evaded stamp duty by excising news.[2] The price of the paper gave it the nickname "Tuppenny Trash",[3] nevertheless it soon gained a circulation of 40,000.[4] Cobbett began publishing Parliamentary Debates as a supplement to his Political Register in 1802.
References[edit] Paulo Freire. Paulo Reglus Neves Freire, Ph.D (/ˈfrɛəri/, Portuguese: [ˈpawlu ˈfɾeiɾi]; September 19, 1921 – May 2, 1997) was a Brazilian educator and philosopher who was a leading advocate of critical pedagogy. He is best known for his influential work, Pedagogy of the Oppressed, which is considered one of the foundational texts of the critical pedagogy movement.[1][2][3] Biography[edit] Freire was born September 19, 1921 to a middle class family in Recife, Brazil. Freire became familiar with poverty and hunger during the Great Depression of the 1930s.
In 1931, the family moved to the less expensive city of Jaboatão dos Guararapes, and in 1933 his father died. In school, he ended up four grades behind, and his social life revolved around playing pick up football with other poor children, from whom he learned a great deal. In 1946, Freire was appointed Director of the Department of Education and Culture of the Social Service in the state of Pernambuco. In 1986, his wife Elza died.
Global impact[edit] Education in the Age of Enlightenment. The Age of Enlightenment, also called the “Age of Reason” by Thomas Paine, is generally thought to have started in the 17th century. It developed from a number of sources of “new” ideas, such as challenges to the dogma and authority of the Catholic Church by Martin Luther and other religious leaders and by increasing interest in the ideas of science, in scientific methods and in philosophy, which called into question traditional ways of thinking. For example, Martin Luther’s translation of the bible into German encouraged people to read and think for themselves, rather than rely on religious authority, and the printing of the results of scientific experiments and observations allowed people to test and verify or disprove those results for themselves.
As knowledge of and interest in science grew, the educational system came to play an increasingly important role in the transmission of those ideas and ideals, which contributed to the Enlightenment. History of education[edit] Notes[edit] Literacy. History of Literacy with Allan Quigley. History of Literacy Home. The Rise of Literacy (Lecture 12) Noah Webster. Online. Online. The King's Kunstkammer - Renaissance collections. John Dryden. A Table Alphabeticall of Hard Usual English Words (R. Cawdrey, 1604) Pedantius. A dictionary of the English language : in which... Johnson, Preface to the Dictionary (Sherman's Selections) Samuel Johnson. The Organization of Knowledge (Lecture 11) Classification scheme. DalembertSelections.pdf (application/pdf Object) Encyclopedia. Universal language. The Encyclopedia of Diderot & d'Alembert Collaborative Translation Project. Gabriel Naudé. Figurative system of human knowledge. Louis-Sébastien Mercier.
Microplexes | URBAGRAM.