SQL. SQL (/ˈɛs kjuː ˈɛl/,[4] or /ˈsiːkwəl/; Structured Query Language[5][6][7][8]) is a special-purpose programming language designed for managing data held in a relational database management system (RDBMS). Originally based upon relational algebra and tuple relational calculus, SQL consists of a data definition language and a data manipulation language. The scope of SQL includes data insert, query, update and delete, schema creation and modification, and data access control. Although SQL is often described as, and to a great extent is, a declarative language (4GL), it also includes procedural elements.
SQL was one of the first commercial languages for Edgar F. SQL became a standard of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) in 1986, and of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in 1987.[12] Since then, the standard has been enhanced several times with added features. History[edit] SQL was initially developed at IBM by Donald D. Syntax[edit] Language elements[edit] Unified Modeling Language. The Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a general-purpose modeling language in the field of software engineering, which is designed to provide a standard way to visualize the design of a system.[1] It was created and developed by Grady Booch, Ivar Jacobson and James Rumbaugh at Rational Software during 1994–95 with further development led by them through 1996.[1] In 1997 it was adopted as a standard by the Object Management Group (OMG), and has been managed by this organization ever since.
In 2000 the Unified Modeling Language was also accepted by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) as an approved ISO standard. Since then it has been periodically revised to cover the latest revision of UML.[2] Overview[edit] A collage of UML diagrams The Unified Modeling Language (UML) offers a way to visualize a system's architectural blueprints in a diagram (see image), including elements such as:[3] History[edit] History of object-oriented methods and notation Before UML 1.x[edit] [edit]
Gephi. Gephi is an open-source network analysis and visualization software package written in Java on the NetBeans platform,[2] initially developed by students of the The University of Technology of Compiègne (Université de Technologie de Compiègne or UTC)[3] in France. Gephi has been selected for the Google Summer of Code in 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, and 2013. Gephi has been used in a number of research projects in the university, journalism and elsewhere, for instance in visualizing the global connectivity of New York Times content[4] and examining Twitter network traffic during social unrest[5][6] along with more traditional network analysis topics.[7] The Gephi Consortium is a French non-profit corporation which supports development of future releases of Gephi.
Members include SciencesPo, Linkfluence, WebAtlas, and Quid.[8] Gephi inspired the LinkedIn InMaps[9] and was used for the network visualizations for Truthy.[10] See also[edit] File formats Related software References[edit] Data visualization. Data visualization or data visualisation is viewed by many disciplines as a modern equivalent of visual communication. It is not owned by any one field, but rather finds interpretation across many (e.g. it is viewed as a modern branch of descriptive statistics by some, but also as a grounded theory development tool by others).
It involves the creation and study of the visual representation of data, meaning "information that has been abstracted in some schematic form, including attributes or variables for the units of information".[1] A primary goal of data visualization is to communicate information clearly and efficiently to users via the information graphics selected, such as tables and charts. Effective visualization helps users in analyzing and reasoning about data and evidence. It makes complex data more accessible, understandable and usable. Data visualization is both an art and a science. Overview[edit] Indeed, Fernanda Viegas and Martin M. Graphics reveal data. Terminology[edit] Web mining. Web mining - is the application of data mining techniques to discover patterns from the Web.
According to analysis targets, web mining can be divided into three different types, which are Web usage mining, Web content mining and Web structure mining. Web usage mining[edit] Web usage mining is the process of extracting useful information from server logs e.g. use Web usage mining is the process of finding out what users are looking for on the Internet. Some users might be looking at only textual data, whereas some others might be interested in multimedia data. Web Server Data: The user logs are collected by the Web server. Studies related to work [Weichbroth et al.] are concerned with two areas: constraint-based data mining algorithms applied in Web Usage Mining and developed software tools (systems). Web structure mining[edit] Web structure mining is the process of using graph theory to analyze the node and connection structure of a web site. 1. 2.
Web content mining[edit] Pros[edit] Flex. "To flex" as a verb means "to bend. Flex or FLEX may also refer to: Computing[edit] Popular culture[edit] Science and technology[edit] A flexible printed circuit used in electronic assembliesA common shortening of flexible cable, as used on electrical appliancesFemtosecond Lenticule EXtraction, a form of refractive eye surgeryFlex-Elektrowerkzeuge, a German producer of power toolsFlex-fuel, a Flexible-fuel vehicleFLEX mission, a potential satellite launch mission by the European Space AgencyFlextronics (NASDAQ symbo: FLEX), a contract electronics maker in SingaporeFord Flex, a full sized people mover vehicleFrequency Level Expander, a Pioneer Corporation tape enhancement featureReduced flex thrust, a reduced takeoff thrust setting which trades excess performance for reduced engine wearFlex and flock are synthetic materials which can be cut and thermo transferred onto t-shirtsAn inflection point of a curve in geometry.
Other[edit] See also[edit] Innovation. While something novel is often described as an innovation, in economics, management science, and other fields of practice and analysis it is generally considered a process that brings together various novel ideas in a way that they have an impact on society. Innovation differs from invention in that innovation refers to the use of a better and, as a result, novel idea or method, whereas invention refers more directly to the creation of the idea or method itself. Innovation differs from improvement in that innovation refers to the notion of doing something different rather than doing the same thing better. Inter-disciplinary views[edit] Society[edit] Due to its widespread effect, innovation is an important topic in the study of economics, business, entrepreneurship, design, technology, sociology, and engineering.
Innovation is not only a modern phenomenon. Business and economics[edit] In business and economics, innovation is the catalyst to growth. Organizations[edit] According to Peter F. MATLAB. Although MATLAB is intended primarily for numerical computing, an optional toolbox uses the MuPAD symbolic engine, allowing access to symbolic computing capabilities. An additional package, Simulink, adds graphical multi-domain simulation and Model-Based Design for dynamic and embedded systems.
In 2004, MATLAB had around one million users across industry and academia.[3] MATLAB users come from various backgrounds of engineering, science, and economics. MATLAB is widely used in academic and research institutions as well as industrial enterprises. History[edit] MATLAB was first adopted by researchers and practitioners in control engineering, Little's specialty, but quickly spread to many other domains. It is now also used in education, in particular the teaching of linear algebra and numerical analysis, and is popular amongst scientists involved in image processing.[4] Syntax[edit] Variables[edit] Vectors/matrices[edit] >> array = 1:2:9 array = 1 3 5 7 9 >> array = 1:3:9 array = 1 4 7 .fig .m .mat.
Java. Duke, the Java mascot Sun Microsystems released the first public implementation as Java 1.0 in 1995.[1] It promised "Write Once, Run Anywhere" (WORA), providing no-cost run-times on popular platforms. Fairly secure and featuring configurable security, it allowed network- and file-access restrictions. Major web browsers soon incorporated the ability to run Java applets within web pages, and Java quickly became popular. With the advent of Java 2 (released initially as J2SE 1.2 in December 1998 – 1999), new versions had multiple configurations built for different types of platforms. For example, J2EE targeted enterprise applications and the greatly stripped-down version J2ME for mobile applications (Mobile Java).
J2SE designated the Standard Edition. On November 13, 2006, Sun released much of Java as free and open source software, (FOSS), under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL). There were five primary goals in the creation of the Java language:[23] C++ C++ (pronounced see plus plus) is a general purpose programming language that is free-form and compiled.
It is regarded as an intermediate-level language, as it comprises both high-level and low-level language features.[3] It provides imperative, object-oriented and generic programming features. C++ is one of the most popular programming languages[4][5] and is implemented on a wide variety of hardware and operating system platforms. As an efficient performance driven programming language it is used in systems software, application software, device drivers, embedded software, high-performance server and client applications, and entertainment software such as video games.[6] Various entities provide both open source and proprietary C++ compiler software, including the FSF, LLVM, Microsoft and Intel. History As the C++ language evolved, the standard library evolved with it. Etymology Philosophy Standardization C++14 or C++1y are names being used for the next minor revision.
Language Templates. ActionScript. Graph theory. Refer to the glossary of graph theory for basic definitions in graph theory. Definitions[edit] Definitions in graph theory vary. The following are some of the more basic ways of defining graphs and related mathematical structures. Graph[edit] Other senses of graph stem from different conceptions of the edge set. All of these variants and others are described more fully below. The vertices belonging to an edge are called the ends, endpoints, or end vertices of the edge. V and E are usually taken to be finite, and many of the well-known results are not true (or are rather different) for infinite graphs because many of the arguments fail in the infinite case. (the number of vertices). For an edge {u, v}, graph theorists usually use the somewhat shorter notation uv.
Applications[edit] The network graph formed by Wikipedia editors (edges) contributing to different Wikipedia language versions (nodes) during one month in summer 2013.[3] History[edit] The Königsberg Bridge problem "[...]