Pressure in a Can of Soda. Topic index | author index | special index Pressure can be defined as the magnitude of force (F) acting perpendicular to a surface divided by the area (A) over which the force acts (P = F/A). It can be measured in various units; the most common pascal, atmosphere, and pounds per square inche (1 atm = 101.3 kPa = 14.7 psi). Gases exert a pressure on any surface with which they are in contact. The amount of pressure exerted by the molecules of a gas depends on the force and frequency of the molecules towards the walls of its container. The pressure of gases is therefore dependent upon two major factors: temperature and volume. According to Boyle's Law, the volume of a fixed quantity of a gas at a constant temperature is inversely proportional to the pressure. Soda manufacturers often inject cold liquid with pressurized carbon dioxide, then bottle the drink under high pressure.
Specifically, a refrigerated can of 7UP® contains 210 kPa of pressure. Seema Meraj -- 2000. DysonFAQ. What is a Dyson Sphere? The Dyson sphere (or Dyson shell) was originally proposed in 1959 by the astronomer Freeman Dyson in "Search for Artificial Stellar Sources of Infrared Radiation" in Science as a way for an advanced civilisation to utilise all of the energy radiated by their sun.
It is an artificial sphere the size of an planetary orbit. The sphere would consist of a shell of solar collectors or habitats around the star, so that all (or at least a significant amount) energy will hit a receiving surface where it can be used. This would create a huge living space and gather enormous amounts of energy. A Dyson sphere in the solar system, with a radius of one AU would have a surface area of at least 2.72e17 km^2, around 600 million times the surface area of the Earth.
The sun has a energy output of around 4e26 W, of which most would be available to do useful work. A third kind of shell would be very thin and non-rotating, held up by the radiation pressure of the sun. Books by Dyson: Black hole evaporation. DMSO: Many Uses, Much Controversy. DMSO: Many Uses, Much Controversy Maya Muir Abstract Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), a by-product of the wood industry, has been in use as a commercial solvent since 1953.
It is also one of the most studied but least understood pharmaceutical agents of our time--at least in the United States. According to Stanley Jacob, MD, a former head of the organ transplant program at Oregon Health Sciences University in Portland, more than 40,000 articles on its chemistry have appeared in scientific journals, which, in conjunction with thousands of laboratory studies, provide strong evidence of a wide variety of properties. Yet in the United States, DMSO has Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval only for use as a preservative of organs for transplant and for interstitial cystitis, a bladder disease. DMSO: A History of Controversy The history of DMSO as a pharmaceutical began in 1961, when Dr. Why, if DMSO possesses half the capabilities claimed by Dr.
The FDA and DMSO Dr. Dr. DMSO and Inflammation.