Hannah Arendt. Sartre, Jean-Paul. Sartre (1905-80), fransk filosof, forfatter og politisk tænker, grundlægger af den moderne ateistiske eksistentialisme. Uddannet fra Ecole Normale supérieure i filosofi sammen med sin livsledsagerske Simone de Beauvoir, underviste i ungdomsårene i filosofi i gymnasiet, debut i 1937 med romanen La nausée (Kvalme), der i litterær form tematiserer alle eksistentialismens filosofiske temaer; problemet om verdens og eksistensens absolutte vilkårlighed og meningsløshed, det moderne menneskes selvbedrag og flugt fra sin eksistentielle frihed. Romanen handler om menneskets manglende evne til at give sit liv. Hovedpersonen Roquentin føler en vedvarende kvalmende, fordi der ikke er nogen nødvendig forbindelse mellem tingene og hans bevidsthed.
Han er fuldstændig ensom. Andre mennesker er blot latterlige og ubehagelige. Disse temaer udvikles i systematisk form i hovedværket L´Etre et le Néant (Væren og Intet) (1943). Sartres slagord er nemlig frihed i situationen. Heidegger, Martin [The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy] Martin Heidegger is widely acknowledged to be one of the most original and important philosophers of the 20th century, while remaining one of the most controversial. His thinking has contributed to such diverse fields as phenomenology (Merleau-Ponty), existentialism (Sartre, Ortega y Gasset), hermeneutics (Gadamer, Ricoeur), political theory (Arendt, Marcuse, Habermas), psychology (Boss, Binswanger, Rollo May), and theology (Bultmann, Rahner, Tillich).
His critique of traditional metaphysics and his opposition to positivism and technological world domination have been embraced by leading theorists of postmodernity (Derrida, Foucault, and Lyotard). On the other hand, his involvement in the Nazi movement has invoked a stormy debate. Although he never claimed that his philosophy was concerned with politics, political considerations have come to overshadow his philosophical work. Heidegger’s main interest was ontology or the study of being. Table of Contents 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. A. B. C. Søren Kierkegaard. Søren Aabye Kierkegaard (/ˈsɔrən ˈkɪərkəɡɑrd/ or /ˈkɪərkəɡɔr/; Danish: [ˈsɶːɐn ˈkiɐ̯ɡəɡɒːˀ] ( )) (5 May 1813 – 11 November 1855) was a Danish philosopher, theologian, poet, social critic, and religious author who is widely considered to be the first existentialist philosopher.[5] He wrote critical texts on organized religion, Christendom, morality, ethics, psychology and philosophy of religion, displaying a fondness for metaphor, irony and parables.
Much of his philosophical work deals with the issues of how one lives as a "single individual", giving priority to concrete human reality over abstract thinking, and highlighting the importance of personal choice and commitment.[6] He was a fierce critic of idealist intellectuals and philosophers of his time, such as Swedenborg,[7] Hegel, Goethe, Fichte, Schelling, Schlegel, and Hans Christian Andersen. Early years (1813–1836)[edit] Kierkegaard in a coffee-house, an oil sketch by Christian Olavius, 1843 Journals[edit]
Immanuel Kant. Kant's most original contribution to philosophy is his "Copernican Revolution," that, as he puts it, it is the representation that makes the object possible rather than the object that makes the representation possible [§14, A92/B124, note]. This introduced the human mind as an active originator of experience rather than just a passive recipient of perception. Something like this now seems obvious: the mind could be a tabula rasa, a "blank tablet," no more than a bathtub full of silicon chips could be a digital computer. Perceptual input must be processed, i.e. recognized, or it would just be noise -- "less even than a dream" (weniger, als ein Traum, A112) or "nothing to us" (vor uns nichts sein, A120) as Kant alternatively puts it.
But if the mind actively generates perception, this raises the question whether the result has anything to do with the world, or if so, how much. The problems that must be sorted out with Kant are at the same time formidable. "Thus," [F.T.] Kant on Judaism.