Models of deafness. Various models of deafness are rooted in either the social or biological sciences. These are the medical (or infirmity) model, the social model, and the cultural model. The model used can affect how deaf persons are treated and their identity. In the medical model, deafness is viewed as an undesirable condition, to be so treated.
Within the social model, the design of the deaf person's environment is viewed as the major disabling factor. In the cultural model, the Deaf belong to a culture in which they are neither infirm nor disabled. Physicians and scientists are often labeled as adherents of the medical model by "Deaf" individuals, who contrast it with their own cultural model. Medical model[edit] The medical model of deafness is viewed by advocates for the deaf[who?] Medical ethics and law dictate that it is up to the patient (or the patient's legal representative) to decide the treatments he or she wishes. Social model[edit] Cultural model[edit] Summary on cultural deafness[edit] Social model of disability. The social model of disability is a reaction to the dominant medical model of disability which in itself is a functional analysis of the body as machine to be fixed in order to conform with normative values.[1] The social model of disability identifies systemic barriers, negative attitudes and exclusion by society (purposely or inadvertently) that mean society is the main contributory factor in disabling people.
While physical, sensory, intellectual, or psychological variations may cause individual functional limitation or impairments, these do not have to lead to disability unless society fails to take account of and include people regardless of their individual differences. The origins of the approach can be traced to the 1960s; the specific term emerged from the United Kingdom in the 1980s.
History[edit] In year 1975, the UK organization Union of the Physically Impaired Against Segregation (UPIAS) claimed : "In our view it is society which disables physically impaired people. Ableism. Soziales Modell von Behinderung. Der Ursprung des Ansatzes kann in die 1960er Jahre zurückverfolgt werden, der spezifische Begriff entstand im Vereinigten Königreich in den 1980er Jahren. Geschichte[Bearbeiten] Im Jahr 1983 prägte der behinderte Sozialwissenschaftler Michael Oliver den Ausdruck „soziales Modell von Behinderung“ in Bezug auf diese ideologische Entwicklung.[3] Oliver konzentriert sich auf die Idee eines individuellen Modells (wovon das medizinische ein Teil war) gegenüber einem sozialen Modell, abgeleitet von der ursprünglichen Unterscheidung zwischen Beeinträchtigung und Behinderung durch die UPIAS.[4] Das „soziale Modell“ wurde erweitert und weiterentwickelt von Akademikern und Aktivisten in Großbritannien, den USA und anderen Ländern, und erweitert, um alle behinderten Menschen einzubeziehen, einschließlich derer, die Lernschwierigkeiten haben / Lernstörungen / oder die geistig Behinderten oder Menschen mit emotionalen, psychischen oder Verhaltensstörungen.[5] Komponenten und Verwendung[Bearbeiten]
Inklusion (Soziologie) Niklas Luhmann: Die Gesellschaft der Gesellschaft, 2 Bände, Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1997, ISBN 3-518-58247-XSina Farzin: Inklusion/Exklusion. Entwicklungen und Probleme einer systemtheoretischen Unterscheidung, Bielefeld 2006 ISBN 978-3899423617Martin Kronauer: Inklusion und Weiterbildung. Reflexionen zur gesellschaftlichen Teilhabe in der Gegenwart, Bielefeld: Bertelsmann, 2010, ISBN 978-3-7639-1964-2 (Herausgeber)Rudolf Stichweh: Inklusion und Exklusion. Studien zur Gesellschaftstheorie, Bielefeld: Transcript, 2005, ISBN 3-89942-390-9Rudolf Stichweh (Hg.): Inklusion und Exklusion.
Analysen zur Sozialstruktur und sozialen Ungleichheit, Wiesbaden: VS, 2009, ISBN 978-3-531-16235-5. Deaf culture. Deaf culture describes the social beliefs, behaviors, art, literary traditions, history, values, and shared institutions of communities that are affected by deafness and which use sign languages as the main means of communication. When used as a cultural label especially within the culture, the word deaf is often written with a capital D and referred to as "big D Deaf" in speech and sign. When used as a label for the audiological condition, it is written with a lower case d.[1][2] Members of the deaf community tend to view deafness as a difference in human experience rather than a disability.[3][4] The community may include family members of deaf people and sign-language interpreters who identify with deaf culture and does not automatically include all people who are deaf or hard of hearing.[5] As one author writes, "it is not the extent of hearing loss that defines a member of the deaf community but the individual's own sense of identity and resultant actions.
Sign languages[edit]