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Statistics how to. 6 BASIC STATISTICAL TOOLS. There are lies, damn lies, and statistics...... (Anon.) 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Definitions 6.3 Basic Statistics 6.4 Statistical tests 6.1 Introduction In the preceding chapters basic elements for the proper execution of analytical work such as personnel, laboratory facilities, equipment, and reagents were discussed. Before embarking upon the actual analytical work, however, one more tool for the quality assurance of the work must be dealt with: the statistical operations necessary to control and verify the analytical procedures (Chapter 7) as well as the resulting data (Chapter 8). It was stated before that making mistakes in analytical work is unavoidable. A multitude of different statistical tools is available, some of them simple, some complicated, and often very specific for certain purposes. Clearly, statistics are a tool, not an aim. 6.2 Definitions 6.2.1 Error 6.2.2 Accuracy 6.2.3 Precision 6.2.4 Bias 6.2.1 Error 1. 6.2.2 Accuracy 6.2.3 Precision 6.2.4 Bias 1. 2. 3.

Figure Fig. 6-1. Or Note. Basic Statistics - Part 1. Wolfram MathWorld: The Web's Most Extensive Mathematics Resource. Free Statistical Software - FreeStatistics.info. Gingko App. Conflict of interest. The presence of a conflict of interest is independent of the occurrence of impropriety. Therefore, a conflict of interest can be discovered and voluntarily defused before any corruption occurs. A widely used definition is: "A conflict of interest is a set of circumstances that creates a risk that professional judgement or actions regarding a primary interest will be unduly influenced by a secondary interest.

"[1] Primary interest refers to the principal goals of the profession or activity, such as the protection of clients, the health of patients, the integrity of research, and the duties of public office. Secondary interest includes not only financial gain but also such motives as the desire for professional advancement and the wish to do favours for family and friends, but conflict of interest rules usually focus on financial relationships because they are relatively more objective, fungible, and quantifiable. Related to the practice of law[edit] Organizational[edit] Types[edit]