Being and Nothingness. Being and Nothingness: An Essay on Phenomenological Ontology (French: L'Être et le néant : Essai d'ontologie phénoménologique), sometimes subtitled A Phenomenological Essay on Ontology, is a 1943 book by philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre.[1] Sartre's main purpose is to assert the individual's existence as prior to the individual's essence. His overriding concern in writing the book was to demonstrate that free will exists.[2] In Sartre's much gloomier account in Being and Nothingness, man is a creature haunted by a vision of "completion", what Sartre calls the ens causa sui, literally "a being that causes itself", which many religions and philosophers identify as God.
Born into the material reality of one's body, in a material universe, one finds oneself inserted into being. Consciousness has the ability to conceptualize possibilities, and to make them appear, or to annihilate them. Overview[edit] Part 1, Chapter 1: The origin of negation[edit] Part 1, Chapter 2: Bad faith[edit] Sex[edit] and. The Sickness Unto Death. The Sickness Unto Death (Danish Sygdommen til Døden) is a book written by Danish philosopher Søren Kierkegaard in 1849 under the pseudonym Anti-Climacus. A work of Christian existentialism, the book is about Kierkegaard's concept of despair, which he equates with the Christian concept of sin, particularly original sin. Summary[edit] Anti-Climacus introduces the book with a reference to Gospel of John 11.4: "This sickness is not unto death.
" This quotation comes from the story of Lazarus, in which Jesus raises a man from the dead. However, Anti-Climacus raises the question: would not this statement still be true even if Jesus had not raised Lazarus from the dead? To not be in despair is to have reconciled the finite with the infinite, to exist in awareness of one's own self and of God. Relation to other works[edit] The Sickness Unto Death has strong existentialist themes. In popular culture[edit] References[edit] External links[edit] Commentary. Man's Search for Meaning. According to a survey conducted by the Book-of-the-Month Club and the Library of Congress, Man's Search For Meaning belongs to a list of "the ten most influential books in the United States. "[1] At the time of the author's death in 1997, the book had sold over 10 million copies and had been translated into 24 languages.[2][3] Editions[edit] The book's title in the German language was ...trotzdem Ja zum Leben sagen: Ein Psychologe erlebt das Konzentrationslager, and the title of the first English language translation was From Death-Camp to Existentialism.
Experiences in a concentration camp[edit] Frankl concludes that the meaning of life is found in every moment of living; life never ceases to have meaning, even in suffering and death. An example of Frankl's idea of finding meaning in the midst of extreme suffering is found in his account of an experience he had while working in the harsh conditions of the Auschwitz concentration camp: ... Quotations[edit] See also[edit] References[edit] Existentialism and Humanism. Existentialism and Humanism (French: L'existentialisme est un humanisme) is a 1946 philosophical work by Jean-Paul Sartre. It is widely considered one of the defining texts of the Existentialist movement.
The book is based on a lecture that Sartre gave at Club Maintenant in Paris, on October 29, 1945, which was also called "Existentialism is a Humanism". Overview[edit] In his essay, Sartre asserts that the key defining concept of existentialism is that the existence of a person is prior to his or her essence. The term "existence precedes essence" subsequently became a maxim of the existentialist movement. Put simply, this means that there is nothing to dictate that person's character, goals in life, and so on; that only the individual can define his or her essence.
Criticism[edit] The essay has been criticized by philosopher Thomas C. References[edit] Jump up ^ Foundation and Structure of Sartrean Ethics By Thomas C. Sources[edit] External links[edit] Categories (Aristotle) The text begins with an explication of what is meant by "synonymous," or univocal words, what is meant by "homonymous," or equivocal words, and what is meant by "paronymous," or denominative (sometimes translated "derivative") words. It then divides forms of speech as being: Either simple, without composition or structure, such as "man," "horse," "fights," etc.Or having composition and structure, such as "a man fights," "the horse runs," etc.
Only composite forms of speech can be true or false. Next, he distinguishes between what is said "of" a subject and what is "in" a subject. What is said "of" a subject describes the kind of thing that it is as a whole, answering the question "what is it? ". Of all the things that exist, Some may be predicated of a subject, but are in no subject; as man may be predicated of James or John, but is not in any subject.Some are in a subject, but cannot be predicated of any subject.
A brief explanation (with some alternative translations) is as follows: Category:Existentialist books. The Rebel (book) Vintage International's 1991 reissue of Anthony Bower's translation of The Rebel. The Rebel (French title: L'Homme révolté) is a 1951 book-length essay by Albert Camus, which treats both the metaphysical and the historical development of rebellion and revolution in societies, especially Western Europe. Camus relates writers and artists as diverse as Epicurus and Lucretius, Marquis de Sade, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Fyodor Dostoyevsky, Friedrich Nietzsche, Max Stirner, André Breton, and others in an integrated, historical portrait of man in revolt.
Examining both rebellion and revolt, which may be seen as the same phenomenon in personal and social frames, Camus examines several 'countercultural' figures and movements from the history of Western thought and art, noting the importance of each in the overall development of revolutionary thought and philosophy. One of Camus' primary arguments in The Rebel concerns the motivation for rebellion and revolution. The Myth of Sisyphus. The Myth of Sisyphus is a philosophical essay by Albert Camus. It comprises about 119 pages and was published originally in 1942 in French as Le Mythe de Sisyphe; the English translation by Justin O'Brien followed in 1955.
In the essay, Camus introduces his philosophy of the absurd: man's futile search for meaning, unity, and clarity in the face of an unintelligible world devoid of God and eternal truths or values. Does the realization of the absurd require suicide? Camus answers: "No. Summary[edit] The essay is dedicated to Pascal Pia and is organized in four chapters and one appendix. Chapter 1: An Absurd Reasoning[edit] Camus undertakes to answer what he considers to be the only question of philosophy that matters: Does the realization of the meaninglessness and absurdity of life necessarily require suicide?
He then characterizes a number of philosophies that describe and attempt to deal with this feeling of the absurd, by Heidegger, Jaspers, Shestov, Kierkegaard, and Husserl. Man's Search for Meaning. The Will to Power (manuscript) The Will to Power (German: Der Wille zur Macht) is a book of notes drawn from the literary remains (or Nachlass) of Friedrich Nietzsche by his sister Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche and Heinrich Köselitz ("Peter Gast"). The Will to Power is also the title of a work that Nietzsche himself had considered writing.
After Nietzsche’s breakdown in 1889, and the passing of control over his literary estate to his sister Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche, Nietzsche’s friend Heinrich Köselitz conceived the notion of publishing selections from his notebooks, using one of Nietzsche's simpler outlines as a guide to their arrangement. As he explained to Elisabeth on November 8, 1893: Given that the original title appears as: The Antichrist. Revaluation of All Values (and therefore not ‘The first book of the revaluation of all values’), you may think that your brother at the time of his incipient madness, thought the book completed. [. . .] Friedrich Nietzsche (1910). "The will to power. Carl Jung - Synchronicity. What is Synchronicity? The term synchronicity is coined by Jung to express a concept that belongs to him. It is about acausal connection of two or more psycho-physic phenomena. This concept was inspired to him by a patient's case that was in situation of impasse in treatment.
Her exaggerate rationalism (animus inflation) was holding her back from assimilating unconscious materials. One night, the patient dreamt a golden scarab - cetonia aurata. The next day, during the psychotherapy session, a real insect this time, hit against the Jung's cabinet window. Jung caught it and discovered surprisingly that it was a golden scarab; a very rare presence for that climate. So, the idea is all about coincidence: in this case, between the scarab dreamt by the patient and its appearance in reality, in the psychotherapy cabinet. But this coincidence is not senseless, a simple coincidence. Thus, a significant coincidence of physical and psychological phenomena that are acausal connected. Being and Time. Being and Nothingness. The Phenomenology of Spirit. Phänomenologie des Geistes (1807) is Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel's most important and widely discussed philosophical work.
Hegel's first book, it describes the three-stage dialectical life of Spirit. The title can be translated as either The Phenomenology of Spirit or The Phenomenology of Mind, because the German word Geist has both meanings. The book's working title, which also appeared in the first edition, was Science of the Experience of Consciousness. On its initial publication (see cover image on right), it was identified as Part One of a projected "System of Science", of which the Science of Logic was the second part.
A smaller work, titled Philosophy of Spirit (also translated as "Philosophy of Mind"), appears in Hegel's Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences, and recounts in briefer and somewhat altered form the major themes of the original Phenomenology. Historical context[edit] I saw the Emperor – this world-soul – riding out of the city on reconnaissance. Reason[edit] Being and Nothingness. Being and Time.