Science Daily: News & Articles in Science, Health, Environment & Technology. Scientific Network | ResearchGATE. Business-to-consumer. A retail store in the UK Shopping generally refers to the act of buying products. Sometimes this is done to obtain necessities such as food and clothing; sometimes it is done as a recreational activity. Recreational shopping often involves window shopping (just looking, not buying) and browsing and does not always result in a purchase. Etymology[edit] Retail comes from the Old French word tailler, which means "to cut off, clip, pare, divide" in terms of tailoring (1365).
It was first recorded as a noun with the meaning of a "sale in small quantities" in 1433 (from the Middle French retail, "piece cut off, shred, scrap, paring").[1] Like in French, the word retail in both Dutch and German also refers to the sale of small quantities of items. Types of retail outlets[edit] Inside a supermarket in Russia A marketplace is a location where goods and services are exchanged. Types by products[edit] Retail is usually classified by type of products as follows: Types by marketing strategy[edit] Boutique. Technology lifecycle. The typical life-cycle of a manufacturing process or production system from the stages of its initial conception to its culmination as either a technique or procedure of common practice or to its demise.
The Y-axis of the diagram shows the business gain to the proprietor of the technology while the X-axis traces its lifetime. The technology life-cycle (TLC) describes the commercial gain of a product through the expense of research and development phase, and the financial return during its "vital life". Some technologies, such as steel, paper or cement manufacturing, have a long lifespan (with minor variations in technology incorporated with time) whilst in other cases, such as electronic or pharmaceutical products, the lifespan may be quite short.
The TLC associated with a product or technological service is different from product life-cycle (PLC) dealt with in product life-cycle management. The four phases of the technology life-cycle[edit] The TLC may be seen as composed of four phases: Logistic function. S-shaped curve A logistic function or logistic curve is a common S-shaped curve (sigmoid curve) with the equation where is the logistic growth rate, the steepness of the curve; and is the value of the function's midpoint.[1] The logistic function has domain the real numbers, the limit as is 0, and the limit as is The standard logistic function, depicted at right, where , has the equation and is sometimes simply called the sigmoid.[2] It is also sometimes called the expit, being the reciprocal function of the logit.[3][4] The logistic function finds applications in a range of fields, including biology (especially ecology), biomathematics, chemistry, demography, economics, geoscience, mathematical psychology, probability, sociology, political science, linguistics, statistics, and artificial neural networks.
Verhulst did not explain the choice of the term "logistic" (French: logistique), but it is presumably in contrast to the logarithmic curve,[8][b] and by analogy with arithmetic and geometric. Or. Business-to-business. The "electronic components district" of Guangzhou, where numerous shops sell electronic components to other companies that would use them to manufacture consumer goods. Business-to-business (B2B) describes commerce transactions between businesses, such as between a manufacturer and a wholesaler, or between a wholesaler and a retailer. Contrasting terms are business-to-consumer (B2C) and business-to-government (B2G). B2B branding is a term used in marketing. The overall volume of B2B (Business-to-Business) transactions is much higher than the volume of B2C transactions.[1][2][3] The primary reason for this is that in a typical supply chain there will be many B2B transactions involving sub components or raw materials, and only one B2C transaction, specifically sale of the finished product to the end customer.
For example, an automobile manufacturer makes several B2B transactions such as buying tires, glass for windscreens, and rubber hoses for its vehicles. Risks[edit] References[edit]